第十三世達賴喇嘛於1913年2月14日〔藏曆水牛年正月初八日〕發佈:《西藏獨立宣言》
http://www.thetibetpost.com/zh/features ... -100-yearshttp://www.thetibetpost.com/en/features ... -100-years我,達賴喇嘛,眾所周知的藏傳佛教繼任者,宣告:
在此,向西藏全體人民佈達。佛陀曾預示,觀音菩薩藉由轉世,從法王時期迄今,統領西藏、照顧西藏人民的福祉。
在蒙古成吉思汗和阿勒坦汗時期,中國明代和清代時期,西藏和中國基於恩人和傳道者的關係進行合作。幾年前,中國四川、雲南當局,努力拓殖我們的領土;藉口維護貿易市場治安,他們把大量的兵力帶進藏中地區。因此,我與我的噶倫們離開拉薩來到印藏邊境,希望向滿清皇帝澄清,西藏和中國之間一直維持在守護和傳道的現有關係,並非誰隸屬於誰的國家。對我來說,越過邊境沒有選擇,中國軍隊尾隨在後,打算不論死活都要捕抓我。
在抵達印度後,我發送數封電報給滿清皇帝,但他的回覆因北京的貪官污吏而延遲。同時,滿清帝國瓦解跨台。西藏人民受到鼓舞,驅逐中國軍隊離開藏中地區。我也一樣的安全返回我合法、神聖的國家,現在,正把剩餘的中國軍隊,驅離藏東康區。中國意圖破壞守護和傳道關係,進而殖民西藏,像天空畫過的彩虹一般消失無蹤。再度恢復我們幸福與和平的時期,現在,請勿輕忽謹遵下列我所發佈的規定:
1.唯有維護佛教傳統,才能保有這個世界的和平與幸福。因此,必須妥善維護西藏境內所有的佛教寺院,如拉薩大昭寺、小昭寺,桑耶寺、藏南的昌珠寺,以及三大寺等。
2.藏傳佛教各教派應保持獨特和純淨的模式。佛教必須藉由教授、學習、思惟完整地傳承下去。除特殊狀況,寺院的管理員禁止貿易、貸款,涉及任何牲畜的交易,或迫使他人臣服。
3.西藏政府的民事和軍事官員,收稅或處理管轄範圍內的民眾時,應公平、誠實地履行職責,在不傷害民眾權益之下,進而政府的管理也將有所助益。一些中央政府官員在藏西的阿里及藏東康區發佈通告,強迫民眾高價購買商品,並且強徵交通稅,遠超過政府所允許的限制。藉故違反法律的情況下,民眾的房屋、財產和土地遭到沒收。此外,以割除民眾四肢作為一種處罰形式,今後,嚴禁這種殘酷的處罰。
4.西藏是一個自然資源豐富的國家,但不如其他國家的科學昌明。我們是一個獨立蕞爾宗教國家,為了與世界各國並駕齊驅,我們必須捍衛我們的國家。鑑於過去外人入侵,我們的人民定要面對他們所不欲的苦難。為保障和維護我國的獨立性,全體人民應主動效忠與努力。居住在邊境附近的人民應保持警戒,隨時向政府通報任何可疑的事態發展。我們的人民不能因輕微事故,造成兩國之間的衝突。
5.西藏是一個地廣人稀的國家。一些地方官員和地主善妒地阻止他人到空曠的土地逕行開墾,懷有這種意向的人們,便是本國及阻礙本國進步的敵人。從現在起,任何人不得妨礙他人,開墾空置的土地。開墾達三年之後,將不再徵收土地稅;如果在土地上耕種,必須向政府和地主納稅,如同每年的租金,而土地將屬於耕種者所有。
對於政府和人民的職責,我都在此說明。這封文告必須張貼在每一個地區,並且在每區辦事處保存副本檔案。
布達拉宮 達賴喇嘛用印
來源:夏格巴,「西藏政治史」(中譯部份並未全文完整翻譯,不便之處,敬請見諒)
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TIBETAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the 13th Dalai Lama in 1913
PROCLAMATION ISSUED BY H.H. THE DALAI LAMA XIII, ON THE EIGHTH DAY OF THE FIRST MONTH OF THE WATER-OX YEAR (1913)
Translation of the Tibetan Text
I, the Dalai Lama, most omniscient possessor of the Buddhist faith, whose title was conferred by the Lord Buddha's command from the glorious land of India, speak to you as follows:
I am speaking to all classes of Tibetan people. Lord Buddha, from the glorious country of India, prophesied that the reincarnations of Avalokitesvara, through successive rulers from the early religious kings to the present day, would look after the welfare of Tibet.
During the time of Genghis Khan and Altan Khan of the Mongols, the Ming dynasty of the Chinese, and the Ch'ing Dynasty of the Manchus, Tibet and China cooperated on the basis of benefactor and priest relationship. A few years ago, the Chinese authorities in Szechuan and Yunnan endeavored to colonize our territory. They brought large numbers of troops into central Tibet on the pretext of policing the trade marts. I, therefore, left Lhasa with my ministers for the Indo-Tibetan border, hoping to clarify to the Manchu emperor by wire that the existing relationship between Tibet and China had been that of patron and priest and had not been based on the subordination of one to the other. There was no other choice for me but to cross the border, because Chinese troops were following with the intention of taking me alive or dead.
On my arrival in India, I dispatched several telegrams to the Emperor; but his reply to my demands was delayed by corrupt officials at Peking. Meanwhile, the Manchu empire collapsed. The Tibetans were encouraged to expel the Chinese from central Tibet. I, too, returned safely to my rightful and sacred country, and I am now in the course of driving out the remnants of Chinese troops from DoKham in Eastern Tibet. Now, the Chinese intention of colonizing Tibet under the patron-priest relationship has faded like a rainbow in the sky. Having once again achieved for ourselves a period of happiness and peace, I have now allotted to all of you the following duties to be carried out without negligence:
1. Peace and happiness in this world can only be maintained by preserving the faith of Buddhism. It is, therefore, essential to preserve all Buddhist institutions in Tibet, such as the Jokhang temple and Ramoche in Lhasa, Samye, and Traduk in southern Tibet, and the three great monasteries, etc.
2. The various Buddhist sects in Tibet should be kept in a distinct and pure form. Buddhism should be taught, learned, and meditated upon properly. Except for special persons, the administrators of monasteries are forbidden to trade, loan money, deal in any kind of livestock, and/or subjugate another's subjects.
3. The Tibetan government's civil and military officials, when collecting taxes or dealing with their subject citizens, should carry out their duties with fair and honest judgment so as to benefit the government without hurting the interests of the subject citizens. Some of the central government officials posted at Ngari Korsum in western Tibet, and Do Kham in eastern Tibet, are coercing their subject citizens to purchase commercial goods at high prices and have imposed transportation rights exceeding the limit permitted by the government. Houses, properties and lands belonging to subject citizens have been confiscated on the pretext of minor breaches of the law. Furthermore, the amputation of citizens' limbs has been carried out as a form of punishment. Henceforth, such severe punishments are forbidden.
4. Tibet is a country with rich natural resources; but it is not scientifically advanced like other lands. We are a small, religious, and independent nation. To keep up with the rest of the world, we must defend our country. In view of past invasions by foreigners, our people may have to face certain difficulties, which they must disregard. To safeguard and maintain the independence of our country, one and all should voluntarily work hard. Our subject citizens residing near the borders should be alert and keep the government informed by special messenger of any suspicious developments. Our subjects must not create major clashes between two nations because of minor incidents.
5. Tibet, although thinly populated, is an extensive country. Some local officials and landholders are jealously obstructing other people from developing vacant lands, even though they are not doing so themselves. People with such intentions are enemies of the State and our progress. From now on, no one is allowed to obstruct anyone else from cultivating whatever vacant lands are available. Land taxes will not be collected until three years have passed; after that the land cultivator will have to pay taxes to the government and to the landlord every year, proportionate to the rent. The land will belong to the cultivator.
Your duties to the government and to the people will have been achieved when you have executed all that I have said here. This letter must be posted and proclaimed in every district of Tibet, and a copy kept in the records of the offices in every district.
From the Potala Palace.
(Seal of the Dalai Lama)
Source: W.D. Shakabpa, ‘Tibet: A Political History'