Lychee 荔枝

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae
Subfamily: Sapindoideae
Genus: Litchi
Sonn.
Species: L. chinensis
Binomial name
Litchi chinensis
Sonn.[1]
The lychee (Litchi chinensis, and commonly called leechi, litchi, laichi, lichu, lizhi) is the sole member of the genus Litchi in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It is a tropical and subtropical fruit tree native to China, and now cultivated in many parts of the world. The fresh fruit has a "delicate, whitish pulp" with a "perfume" flavor that is lost in canning, so the fruit is mostly eaten fresh.[2]

An evergreen tree reaching 10–20 m tall, the lychee bears fleshy fruits that are up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long and 4 cm (1.6 in) wide. The outside of the fruit is covered by a pink-red, roughly-textured rind that is inedible but easily removed to expose a layer of sweet, translucent white flesh. Lychees are eaten in many different dessert dishes, and are especially popular in China, throughout South-East Asia, along with South Asia and India.[2][3]

The lychee is cultivated in China, and in a narrow belt through Thailand, northern Vietnam, and northern India (in particular Bihar, which accounts for 75% of total Indian production.)[2][4] South Africa and the United States (Hawaii and Florida) also have commercial lychee production.[2]

The lychee has a history of cultivation going back as far as 2000 BC according to records in China. Cultivation began in the area of southern China, Malaysia, and northern Vietnam. Wild trees still grow in parts of southern China and on Hainan Island. There are many stories of the fruit's use as a delicacy in the Chinese Imperial Court. It was first described and introduced to the west in 1782.[1]

Contents

[hide]
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
3 History
4 Cultivation and uses
5 Cultivars
6 Nutritional Facts
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
[edit] Taxonomy



Pierre Sonnerat's drawing from Voyage aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine (1782)
Litchi chinensis was described and named by French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat in his Voyage aux Indes orientales et à la Chine, fait depuis 1774 jusqu'à 1781 (1782). There are three subspecies, determined by flower arrangement, twig thickness, fruit, and number of stamens.

Litchi chinensis subsp. chinensis is the only commercialized lychee. It grows wild in southern China, northern Vietnam, and Cambodia. It has thin twigs, flowers typically have six stamens, fruit are smooth or with protuberances up to 2 mm.
Litchi chinensis subsp. philippinensis (Radlk.) Leenh. It is common in the wild in Philippines and Papua New Guinea and rarely cultivated. It has thin twigs, six to seven stamens, long oval fruit with spiky protuberances up to 3 mm.
Litchi chinensis subsp. javensis. It is only known in cultivation, in Malaysia and Indonesia. It has thick twigs, flowers with seven to eleven stamens in sessile clusters, smooth fruit with protuberances up to 1 mm.[5]
[edit] Description



Litchi chinensis flowers.
Litchi chinensis is an evergreen tree that is frequently less than 10 m (33 ft) tall, sometimes reaching more than 15 m (49 ft). The bark is grey-black, the branches a brownish-red. Leaves are 10 to 25 cm (3.9 to 9.8 in) or longer, with leaflets in 2-4 pairs.[6] Flowers grow on a terminal inflorescence with many panicles on the current season's growth. The panicles grow in clusters of ten or more, reaching 10 to 40 cm (3.9 to 16 in) or longer, holding hundreds of small white, yellow, or green flowers that are distinctively fragrant.[5]

Fruits mature in 80–112 days, depending on climate, location, and cultivar. Fruits reach up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long and 4 cm (1.6 in) wide, varying in shape from round, to ovoid, to heart-shaped. The thin, tough inedible skin is green when immature, ripening to red or pink-red, and is smooth or covered with small sharp protuberances. The skin turns brown and dry when left out after harvesting. The fleshy, edible portion of the fruit is an aril, surrounding one dark brown inedible seed that is 1 to 3.3 cm (0.39 to 1.3 in) long and .6 to 1.2 cm (0.24 to 0.47 in) wide. Some cultivars produce a high percentage of fruits with shriveled aborted seeds known as 'chicken tongues'. These fruit typically have a higher price, due to having more edible flesh.[5]

[edit] History



"荔枝果樹/Lici Fruit Tree" in Michael Boym's Flora Sinensis (1657)
Cultivation of Lychee began in the region of southern China, Malaysia, and northern Vietnam. Wild trees still grow in rainforest in Guangdong province and on Hainan Island. Unofficial records in China refer to lychee as far back as 2000 BCE.[7]

In the 1st century, fresh lychees were in such demand at the Imperial Court, that a special courier service with fast horses would bring the fresh fruit from Guangdong. There was great demand for lychee in the Sung Dynasty (960-1279ACE), according to Ts'ai Hsiang, in his Li chi pu (Treatise on Lychees). It was also the favourite fruit of Emperor Li Longji (Xuanzong)'s favoured concubine Yang Yuhuan (Yang Guifei). The emperor had the fruit delivered at great expense to the capital.[2]

In the Chinese classical work, Shanglin Fu, it is related that the alternate name, meaning leaving its branches, is so-called because once the fruit is picked it deteriorates quickly.

The lychee early attracted attention of European travelers. Juan González de Mendoza in his History of the great and mighty kingdom of China (1585; English translation 1588), based on the reports of Spanish friars who had visited China in the 1570s, highly praises the fruit:[8]

[T]hey haue a kinde of plummes, that they doo call lechias, that are of an exceeding gallant tast, and neuer hurteth any body, although they shoulde eate a great number of them.
The lychee was scientifically described by Pierre Sonnerat (1748–1814) on a return from his travel to China and Southeast Asia. It was then introduced to the Réunion Island in 1764 by Joseph-François Charpentier de Cossigny de Palma. It was later introduced to Madagascar which has become a major producer.

[edit] Cultivation and uses



Germinating Lychee seed with its main root.(about 3 months old)


A normal-sized seed(left) and a small-sized (Chicken tongue) seed(right)
Lychees are extensively grown in China, and also elsewhere in South-East Asia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, southern Japan, and more recently in California, Hawaii, Texas, Florida,[9] the wetter areas of eastern Australia and sub-tropical regions of South Africa, Israel and also in the states of Sinaloa and San Luis Potosí (specifically, in La Huasteca) in Mexico. They require a warm subtropical to tropical climate that is cool but also frost-free or with only very slight winter frosts not below -4°C, and with high summer heat, rainfall, and humidity. Growth is best on well-drained, slightly acidic soils rich in organic matter. A wide range of cultivars is available, with early and late maturing forms suited to warmer and cooler climates respectively. They are also grown as an ornamental tree as well as for their fruit.

Lychees are commonly sold fresh in Asian markets, and in recent years, also widely in supermarkets worldwide. The red rind turns dark brown when the fruit is refrigerated, but the taste is not affected. It is also sold canned year-round. The fruit can be dried with the rind intact, at which point the flesh shrinks and darkens.[2] Dried lychee are often called lychee nuts, though, of course, they are not a real nut.

According to folklore, a lychee tree that is not producing much fruit can be girdled, leading to more fruit production.

[edit] Cultivars



Cultivar 'Maritius'
There are numerous lychee cultivars, with considerable confusion regarding their naming and identification. The same cultivar grown in different climates can produce very different fruit. Cultivars can also have different synonyms in various parts of the world. Southeast Asian countries, along with Australia, use the original Chinese names for the main cultivars. India grows more than a dozen different cultivars. South Africa grows mainly the 'Mauritius' cultivar. Most cultivars grown in the United States were imported from China, except for the 'Groff', which was developed in the state of Hawaii.[3]

Different cultivars of lychee are popular in the varying growing regions and countries. In China, popular cultivars include: Sanyuehong, Baitangying, Baila, Shuidong, Feizixiao, Dazou, Heiye, Nuomici, Guiwei, Huaizhi, Lanzhu, and Chenzi. In Vietnam, the most popular cultivars are: Longhnan, Tieuhue, and Xuongcomvang. Florida production is based on the Hawaii cultivar Kohala. Australia predominantly grows Kohala, Chompoo, Haew, and Biew Kiew.[5] India grows more than a dozen named cultivars, including Shahi (Highest Pulp %) ,Dehra Dun, Early Large Red, Kalkattia, Rose Scented.[3][10]

[edit] Nutritional Facts



Lychees, showing a peeled fruit
Lychee (edible parts)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 276 kJ (66 kcal)
Carbohydrates 16.5 g
- Dietary fiber 1.3 g
Fat 0.4 g
Protein 0.8 g
Vitamin C 72 mg (120%)
Calcium 5 mg (1%)
Magnesium 10 mg (3%)
Phosphorus 31 mg (4%)
Edible parts are 60% of total weight
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database
The lychee contains on average a total 72 mg of Vitamin C per 100 grams of fruit.[11] On average nine lychee fruits would meet an adult’s daily recommended Vitamin C requirement.

A cup of lychee fruit provides, among other minerals, for a 2000-calorie diet, mainly from sugar, 14%DV of copper, 9%DV of phosphorus, and 6%DV of potassium.

Like most plant-based foods, lychees are low in saturated fat and sodium and are cholesterol free. Lychees are high in polyphenols, containing 15% more than grapes, a fruit commonly referenced as high in polyphenols.[12] On the phenolic composition, flavan-3-ol monomers and dimers were the major found compounds representing about 87.0% of the phenolic compounds that declined with storage or browning. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was a major anthocyanin and represented 91.9% of anthocyanins. It also declined with storage or browning. Small amounts of malvidin-3-glucoside were also found.[13]

In traditional Chinese medicine, Lychee is known for being a fruit with "hot" properties (see the six excesses for more details on the definition of heat), and excessive consumption of Lychee can, in certain extreme cases, lead to fainting spells or skin rashes.[14]

[edit] See also

Longan
Ackee
Korlan
Lanzones
Mamoncillo
Rambutan
Chinese food therapy
Lychee wine
Lichido Liqueur
List of culinary fruits
[edit] References



Leaves & flowers at Samsing in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India
^ a b "Litchi chinensis Sonn.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1995-10-17. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/ht ... n.pl?22399. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
^ a b c d e f Davidson, Jane L.; Davidson, Alan; Saberi, Helen; Jaine, Tom (2006). The Oxford companion to food. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280681-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=JTr-ouCbL2AC&pg=PA467.
^ a b c Hosahalli Ramaswamy; Diane Barrett; Laszlo P. Somogyi (2005). Processing fruits: science and technology. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 687. ISBN 0-8493-1478-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=S-yJSAR5b04C&pg=PA687.
^ ref http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac684e/ac684e08.htm
^ a b c d Courtney Menzel (2005). Litchi and longan: botany, production and uses. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. p. 26. ISBN 0-85199-696-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=49PB5MhHqkcC&pg=PA26.
^ "Litchi chinensis". Flora of China 12: 6, 16. http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/vo ... daceae.pdf.
^ Andersen, Peter A.; Schaffer, Bruce (1994). Handbook of environmental physiology of fruit crops. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 123–140. ISBN 0-8493-0179-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=wynac3NvzLsC&pg=PA123.
^ Juan González de Mendoza, The history of the great and mighty kingdom of China and the situation thereof. English translation by Robert Parke, 1588, in an 1853 reprint by Hakluyt Society. Page 14. The Spanish version (in a 1944 reprint) has lechías.
^ Crane, Jonathan H.; Carlos F. Balerdi and Ian Maguire (2008). "Lychee Growing in the Florida Home Landscape". University of Florida. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG051. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
^ Kadam, S. S.; Salunkhe, D. K. (1995). Handbook of fruit science and technology: production, composition, storage, and processing. New York: M. Dekker. p. 436. ISBN 0-8247-9643-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=v2WnS_2ZmDwC&pg=PA436.
^ USDA. "Litchis, raw". Nutrition Data. http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/frui ... ces/1945/2. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
^ Pierre Brat, Stéphane Georgé, Annick Bellamy, Laure Du Chaffaut, Augustin Scalbert, Louise Mennen, Nathalie Arnault and Marie Josèphe Amiot (9 2006). "Daily Polyphenol Intake in France from Fruit and Vegetables". The Journal of Nutrition 136 (9): 2368–2373. PMID 16920856. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/ful ... type=HWCIT.
^ Changes in phenolic compounds in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit during postharvest storage. Donglin Zhang, Peter C. Quantick and John M. Grigor, Postharvest Biology and Technology, Volume 19, Issue 2, June 2000, Pages 165-172, doi:10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00084-3
^ "一枚荔枝三把火 專家提醒警惕"水果病" (Translation: One Lychee Equals Three Torches. Experts Calls for Caution Over Fruit Illnesses". http://www.jkwzw.com/article/27/2007/16423.html. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
[edit] Further reading

Hui, Y. H. (2008). "Lychee". Handbook of Fruites and Fruit Processing. New Delhi: Wiley India. pp. 606–611. ISBN 978-81-265-1788-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5XgP-aLmWIC&pg=PA606.
Kadam, S. S.; S. S. Deshpande (1995). "Lychee". In D. K. Salunkhe and S. S. Kadam. Handbook of fruit science and technology: production, composition, storage, and processing. New York: M. Dekker. pp. 435–443. ISBN 978-0-8247-9643-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=v2WnS_2ZmDwC&pg=PA435.
Rosengarten, Frederic (2004). "Litchi 'Nuts'". The book of edible nuts. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-0-486-43499-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=7CK8LFCcvtcC&pg=PA299.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litchi