Welcome to Republic of Cantonia.The World Cannot Remain Silent!Please help us to promote the Cantonian people to the world for our struggle for human rights, liberty, democracy and freedom from China and Han Chinese racists.
我哋係大粵獨立建國理念嘅建構者！我哋堅定捍衛大粵民國（Republic of Cantonia）嘅國家主權！我哋係粵獨嘅先鋒！我哋將擊敗支那！我哋將終結嚟自支那嘅殖民統治！我哋將脫支獨立！我哋將鏟除所有試圖異質化大粵嘅支那文化毒瘤！我哋將恢復古南越3000年前久遠嘅傳統！我哋將喺大粵重新敲響得勝嘅銅鼓！
本論壇100%基於大粵民國（Republic of Cantonia）係主權獨立國家嘅立場！祇要妳唔係支那人，噉無論妳嚟自邊度，具邊國國籍，係邊種膚色，講邊種語言，妳祗要認同大粵民國（Republic of Cantonia）係主權獨立國家，噉我哋就係同一國嘅！歡迎妳註冊加入成為我哋嘅會員！為粵獨發聲！為大粵嘅獨立、自由、民主吶喊！
Total population 40,000,000 (estimates) Regions with significant populations Majority population Singapore 3,610,400 [9] Christmas Island Minority populations 981 [10] Indonesia 10,000,000 [1] [11] Thailand 7,053,240 [12] Malaysia 6,324,000 [13] United States 3,796,000 [14] Canada 1,318,000 [15] Vietnam 1,309,000 [16] Peru 1,300,000 [17] Philippines 1,170,000 [18] Burma 1,121,000 [19] Cambodia 858,459 [20] South Korea 696,861 [21] Australia 669,896 [22] Russia 500,000 [23] United Kingdom 400,000 [24] South Africa 350,000 [25] Argentina 233,000 [26] France 196,000 [27] India 190,000 [28] Laos 180,000 [29] United Arab Emirates 156,000 [30] Brazil 147,570 [31] New Zealand 144,885 [32] Italy 135,000 [33] Panama 134,022 [34] Spain 114,242 [35] Cuba 110,000 [36] Netherlands 109,000 [37] Germany 100,000 [38] Angola 76,000 [39] Languages Languages of China and various languages of the countries they inhabit
Religion Predominantly Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism with Confucianism. Significant Christian, small other religious minorities.
Overseas Chinese (traditional Chinese: 海外華人; simplified Chinese: 海外华人) are people of Chinese birth or descent who live outside the Greater China Area (Republic of China and People's Republic of China). People of partial Chinese ancestry living outside the Greater China Area may also consider themselves Overseas Chinese.
The term "Overseas Chinese" can refer narrowly to those of Han Chinese ethnicity, or more broadly, to all 56 recognized ethnic groups in China; Chinese people in the sense of Zhonghua minzu. For example, members of the Tibetan diaspora may travel to China on passes granted to certain Overseas Chinese.[2] In Southeast Asia and particularly in Malaysia and Singapore, the state classifies the Peranakan as Chinese despite partial assimilation into Malay culture.[citation needed]
One study on overseas Chinese defines several criteria for identifying non-Han overseas Chinese: there is evidence of descent from groups living within or originating from China, they still retain their culture, self-identify with Chinese culture or acknowledge Chinese origin, although they are not categorized as ethnic Han Chinese. Under this definition, "ethnic minority" overseas Chinese number about 7 million, or about 8.4% of the total overseas population.[citation needed]
Terminology
The Chinese language has various terms equivalent to the English "Overseas Chinese". Huáqiáo (simplified Chinese: 华侨; traditional Chinese: 華僑) or Hoan-kheh in Hokkien (Chinese: 番客) refers to Chinese citizens residing in countries other than China. Huáyì (simplified Chinese: 华裔; traditional Chinese: 華裔; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hôa-è) refers to ethnic Chinese residing outside of China. [40] Another often-used term is 海外华人 (hǎiwài huárén), a more literal translation of Overseas Chinese; it is often used by the PRC government to refer to people of Chinese ethnicities who live outside the PRC, regardless of citizenship.
Overseas Chinese who are ethnically Han Chinese, such as Cantonese, Hokkien, or Hakka refer to Overseas Chinese as 唐人 (tángrén), pronounced tòhng yàn in Cantonese, Tn̂g-lâng in Hokkien, and tong nyin in Hakka. Literally, it means Tang people, a reference to Tang dynasty China when it was ruling China proper. It should be noted that this term is commonly used by the Cantonese, Hakka and Hokkien as a colloquial reference to the Chinese people, and has little relevance to the ancient dynasty.
History
Main article: Chinese emigration The Chinese people have a long history of migrating overseas. One of the migrations dates back to the Ming dynasty when Zheng He (1371–1435) became the envoy of Ming. He sent people - many of them Cantonese and Hokkien - to explore and trade in the South China Sea and in the Indian Ocean.
Waves of immigration
Different waves of immigration led to subgroups among overseas Chinese such as the new and old immigrants in Southeast Asia, North America, Oceania, the Caribbean, Latin America, South Africa and Russia.
In the 19th century, the age of colonialism was at its height and the great Chinese Diaspora began. Many colonies lacked a large pool of laborers. Meanwhile, in the provinces of Fujian and Guangdong in China, there was a surge in emigration as a result of the poverty and ruin caused by the Taiping rebellion.[3] The Qing Empire was forced to allow its subjects to work overseas under colonial powers. Many Hokkien chose to work in Southeast Asia (where they had earlier links starting from the Ming era), as did the Cantonese. The city of Taishan in Guangdong province was the source for many of the economic migrants. For the countries in North America and Australasia, great numbers of laborers were needed in the dangerous tasks of gold mining and railway construction. Widespread famine in Guangdong impelled many Cantonese to work in these countries to improve the living conditions of their relatives. Some overseas Chinese were sold[by whom?] to South America during the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (1855–1867) in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong. After World War II many people from the New Territories in Hong Kong emigrated to the UK (mainly England) and to the Netherlands to earn a better living.
From the mid-19th century onward, emigration has been directed primarily to Western countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and the nations of Western Europe; as well as to Peru where they are called tusán, Panama, and to a lesser extent to Mexico. Many of these emigrants who entered Western countries were themselves overseas Chinese or were from Taiwan or Hong Kong, particularly from the 1950s to the 1980s, a period during which the PRC placed severe restrictions on the movement of its citizens. In 1984, Britain agreed to transfer the sovereignty of Hong Kong to the PRC; this triggered another wave of migration to the United Kingdom (mainly England), Australia, Canada, USA, Latin America and other parts of the world. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 further accelerated the migration. The wave calmed after Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty in 1997. In addition, many citizens of Hong Kong hold citizenships or have current visas in other countries so if the need arises, they can leave Hong Kong at short notice. In fact, after the Tiananmen Square incident, the lines for immigration visas increased at every consulate in Hong Kong. More recent Chinese presences have developed in Europe, where they number nearly a million, and in Russia, they number over 600,000, concentrated in Russian Far East. Chinese who emigrated to Vietnam beginning in the 18th century are referred to as Hoa.
It is estimated that only 26,700 of the old Chinese community now remain in South Korea.[4] However, in recent years[when?], immigration from mainland China has increased; 624,994 persons of Chinese nationality have immigrated to South Korea, including 443,566 of ethnic Korean descent.[5]
In recent years, the People's Republic of China has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations. As of August 2007, there were an estimated 750,000 Chinese nationals working or living for extended periods in different African countries.[6] An estimated 200,000 ethnic Chinese live in South Africa.[7] In a 2007 New York Times article, Chad Chamber of Commerce Director estimated an "influx of at least 40,000 Chinese in coming years" to Chad. As of 2006 as many as 40,000 Chinese lived in Namibia,[8] an estimated 80,000 Chinese in Zambia[9] and 50,000 Chinese in Nigeria.[10] As many as 100,000 Chinese live and work across Angola.[11] As of 2009 35,000 Chinese migrant workers lived in Algeria.[12]
Russia’s main Pacific port and naval base of Vladivostok, once closed to foreigners, as of 2010 bristles with Chinese markets, restaurants and trade houses.[13] Experts predict that the Chinese diaspora in Russia will increase to at least 10 million by 2010 and Chinese may become the dominant ethnic group in the Russian Far East region 20 to 30 years from now.[14][15][16] Other experts discount such stories estimating the numbers of Chinese in Russia at less than half a million, most of whom are temporary traders. [17]
A growing Chinese community in Germany consists of around 76,000 people as of 2010.[18] An estimated 15,000 to 30,000 Chinese live in Austria,[19] including a significant Chinese community in Vienna.
Occupations
The Chinese in Southeast Asian countries have established themselves in commerce and finance.[20] In North America, Europe and Oceania, occupations are diverse and impossible to generalize; ranging from catering to significant ranks in medicine, the arts, and academia.
Overseas Chinese experience
The Chinese usually identify a person by ethnic origin instead of nationality. As long as the person is of Chinese descent, that person is considered Chinese, and if that person lives outside of China, that person is overseas Chinese. The majority of PRC Chinese do not understand the overseas Chinese experience of being a minority[citation needed], as ethnic Han Chinese comprise approximately 92% of the population.
Discrimination
See also: Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States and Anti-Chinese sentiment Overseas Chinese have sometimes experienced hostility and discrimination (see Sinophobia).
In countries with small Chinese minorities, the economic disparity can be remarkable. For example, in 1998, ethnic Chinese made up just 1% of the population of the Philippines and 3% of the population in Indonesia, but controlled 40% of the Philippines private economy and 70% of the Indonesian private economy(Indonesian analysts believe this is a false claim since most of Indonesia's wealth was controlled by the military） [21] In Malaysia the low birth rate of Chinese decreased its relative population from one half to one third. One study of the Chinese as a "market-dominant minority" notes that "Chinese market dominance and intense resentment amongst the indigenous majority is characteristic of virtually every country in Southeast Asia".[22]
This asymmetrical economic position has incited anti-Chinese sentiment among the poorer majorities. Sometimes the anti-Chinese attitudes turn violent, such as the May 13 Incident in Malaysia in 1969 and the Jakarta riots of May 1998 in Indonesia, in which more than 2,000 people died mostly rioters burned to death in a shopping mall.[23] During the colonial era, some genocides killed ten thousands of Chinese.[24][25][26][27][28]
During the Indonesian killings of 1965–66, in which more than 500,000 people died,[29] ethnic Chinese were killed and their properties looted and burned as a result of anti-Chinese racism on the excuse that Dipa "Amat" Aidit had brought the PKI closer to China.[30][31] The anti-Chinese legislation was in the Indonesian constitution until 1998.
A major point of friction is the apparent tendency of overseas Chinese to segregate themselves into a subculture.[citation needed] For example, the anti-Chinese Kuala Lumpur Racial Riots of 13 May 1969 and Jakarta Riots of May 1998 were believed to have been motivated by these racially-biased perceptions.[32] In 2006, rioters damaged shops owned by Chinese-Tongans in Nukuʻalofa.[33] Chinese migrants were evacuated from the riot-torn Solomon Islands.[34]
Ethnic politics can be found to motivate both sides of the debate. In Malaysia, Overseas Chinese tend to support equal and meritocratic treatment on the expectation that they would not be discriminated against in the resulting competition for government contracts, university places, etc., whereas many "Bumiputra" ("native sons") Malays oppose this on the grounds that their group needs such protections in order to retain their patrimony. The question of to what extent ethnic Malays, Chinese, or others are "native" to Malaysia is a sensitive political one. It is currently a taboo for Chinese politicians to raise the issue of Bumiputra protections in parliament, as this would be deemed ethnic incitement.[35]
Many of the overseas Chinese who worked on railways in North America in the 19th century suffered from racial discrimination in Canada and the United States. Although discriminatory laws have been repealed or are no longer enforced today, both countries had at one time introduced statutes that barred Chinese from entering the country, for example the United States Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (repealed 1943) or the Canadian Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 (repealed 1947).
Assimilation
Overseas Chinese vary widely as to their degree of assimilation, their interactions with the surrounding communities (see Chinatown), and their relationship with China. In Thailand and Laos, overseas Chinese have largely intermarried and assimilated with their compatriots. In Myanmar, the Chinese rarely intermarry (even amongst different Chinese linguistic groups), but have largely adopted the Burmese culture whilst maintaining Chinese culture affinities. Between 1965 to 1993, the affairs of state once were prevent to those with Chinese name, yielded the number of people switched to the local term instead in Cambodia. Indonesia, and Myanmar were among the countries that do not allow birth names to be registered in foreign languages, including Chinese. But since 2003, the Indonesian government has allowed overseas Chinese to use their Chinese name or using their Chinese family name on their birth certificate. In Vietnam, Chinese names are pronounced with Sino-Vietnamese readings. For example, the name of the Chinese president, 胡锦涛 (pinyin: Hú Jǐntāo), would be transcribed as "Hồ Cẩm Đào". In Western countries, the overseas Chinese generally use romanised versions of their Chinese names, and the use of local first names is also common.
On the other hand, in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, overseas Chinese have maintained a distinct communal identity, though the rate and state of being assimilated to the local, in this case a multicultural society, is currently on par with that of other Chinese communities (see Peranakan). In the Philippines many younger Overseas Chinese are well assimilated, whereas the older ones tend to be considered as 'foreigners'. The Chinese have also brought a cultural influence to some other countries such as Vietnam, where many Chinese customs have been adopted by native Vietnamese.[36]
Language
The usage of Chinese languages by overseas Chinese has been determined by a large number of factors, including their ancestry, their migrant ancestors' "regime of origin", assimilation through generational changes, and official policies of their country of residence. The general trend is - increase of Mandarin-speaking Chinese among the new arrivals, making it the most common language of chinatowns.[37]
Southeast Asia
Within Southeast Asia, the language situation of overseas Chinese varies greatly even amongst neighboring nations.
Singapore
In Singapore, a nation with an ethnic Chinese majority population, Mandarin is recognized as one of its official languages, along with simplified Chinese characters, in contrast to other overseas Chinese communities which almost exclusively used traditional Chinese characters until the 1990s, when nationals of the PRC began to emigrate in substantial numbers and brought with them the simplified Chinese characters. Although ethnic Chinese in Singapore are predominantly of Hokkien descent, the government of Singapore discourages the usage of non-Mandarin Chinese languages through the Speak Mandarin Campaign. The official policy in Singapore also has an impact on neighboring Johor, in southern Peninsular Malaysia, where Mandarin is predominantly spoken among the Chinese communities there. As the Singapore government actively promotes English as the common language of the multiracial society of Singapore, younger Chinese Singaporeans are mostly bilingual in Mandarin and English.
Malaysia
Chinese Malaysians speak a wide variety of dialects and Mandarin, their prevalence being concentrated around particular metropolitan centres: the Penang, Klang,Kelantan and Malacca groups are predominantly Hokkien-speaking (Penang has its own version of Hokkien, Kelantan has its own version of Hokkien too); the Kuala Lumpur, Seremban and Ipoh groups are predominantly Cantonese and Hakka-speaking; whereas in East Malaysia (Malaysian Borneo), Hakka and Mandarin are widely spoken, except in Sibu, where the Fuzhou dialect is predominant, and in Sandakan, where Cantonese is spoken. Regardless of location, however, younger generations tend to speak Mandarin, which is taught in schools. A significant number of Chinese are English-educated, who speak mainly English. Most Chinese Malaysians can speak Malay, the national language, and English, which is widely used in business.
Indonesia
Main article: Chinese Indonesians Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia and Thailand had been subjected to official, and at times draconian, assimilation policies, and as a result many of them are no longer proficient in the Chinese language (particularly ethnic Chinese who lived in Java). Chinese who lived in Sumatra did not give up some of the dialects. Most of the ethnic Chinese in Medan, the capital of North Sumatra, are still able to speak creole Hokkien within their community. This is due to the number of generations that have lived in Indonesia and their exposure to cultural assimilation. Most of the ethnic Chinese who live in Java have a long line (10 generations) of forefathers before them, where the ethnic Chinese who live in Sumatra have a relatively short generation of forefathers (4 or 5 generations). There is also a small population of Hakka Chinese in Indonesia, most notably in Bangka Belitung province,[38] Pontianak and Singkawang where they form a significant part of the local population.
Thailand
Most ethnic Chinese in Thailand live in cities such as Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phuket, Hat Yai and Nakhon Sawan. A large majority of them belong to the Teochew dialect group of Han Chinese. A small number of Chinese people, mainly belonging to the Yunnanese dialect group, also live in the northern part of Thailand which is in close proximity to their homeland in Yunnan province of China.
Vietnam
A large number of Chinese people live in Ho Chi Minh city and most of them belong to the Cantonese dialect group of Han Chinese, tracing their ancestral homeland to the southern part of Guangdong province in China.
Cambodia
Chinese are a visible ethnic group of Cambodia and constitute around 7% of the population.[39] Chinese ethnics can be seen in all towns and many towns are exclusive to ethnic Chinese.[citation needed] Most Chinese Cambodians belong to the Hokkien and Teochew dialect groups.[citation needed] Many Khmer people are taught Mandarin in school[citation needed] along side many Sino-Khmers and ethnic Vietnamese people.
Laos
Myanmar
Brunei
A variety of Chinese dialects are spoken in Brunei. Mandarin and Hokkien are the most commonly spoken dialects in the country.
Philippines
The most widely spoken dialects are Hokkien (there is a native form of Hokkien called Lan-nang Oe) and Cantonese. Mandarin is taught at all Chinese schools, and in most Chinese schools, the traditional Chinese script is usually taught.
North America
Many overseas Chinese populations in North America speak some variety of Chinese. In the United States and Canada, Chinese is the third most spoken language.[40][41] Cantonese has historically been the most prevalent variety due to immigrants being mostly from southern China from the 19th century up through the 1980s.[41][42] However, Mandarin is becoming increasingly more prevalent due to the opening up of the PRC.[42]
In New York City at least, although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only ten percent of Chinese speakers, it is used as a secondary dialect among the greatest number of them and is on its way to replace Cantonese as their lingua franca.[43] Although Min Chinese is spoken natively by a third of the Chinese population there, it is not used as a lingua franca because speakers of other dialect groups do not learn Min.[43]
In Richmond (part of the Greater Vancouver metropolitan area in Canada), 44% of the population is Chinese.[44] Chinese words can be seen everywhere from local banks to grocery stores. In the broader Vancouver Census Metropolitan Area, 18% of the population is Chinese. Similarly in Toronto, which is the largest city in Canada, Chinese people make up 11.4% of the local population with the percentages higher in the suburbs of Markham, Mississauga and within the city in its east end of Scarborough. In these regions Chinese people make up between 20-50% of their total populations respectively.[45] Cantonese and Mandarin are the most popular Chinese languages.
Relationship with China
Both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China maintain highly complex relationships with overseas Chinese populations. Both maintain cabinet level ministries to deal with overseas Chinese affairs, and many local governments within the PRC have overseas Chinese bureaus. Both the PRC and ROC have some legislative representation for overseas Chinese. In the case of the PRC, some seats in the National People's Congress are allocated for returned overseas Chinese. In the ROC's Legislative Yuan, there used to be eight seats allocated for overseas Chinese. These seats were apportioned to the political parties based on their vote totals on Taiwan, and then the parties assigned the seats to overseas Chinese party loyalists. Now, political parties in the ROC are still allowed to assign overseas Chinese into the Legislative Yuan, but they are not required to. Most of these members elected to the Legislative Yuan hold dual citizenship, but must renounce their foreign citizenship before being sworn in.
Overseas Chinese have sometimes played an important role in Chinese politics. Most of the funding for the Chinese revolution of 1911 came from overseas Chinese.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the ROC tended to seek the support of overseas Chinese communities through branches of the Kuomintang based on Sun Yat-sen's use of expatriate Chinese communities to raise money for his revolution. During this period, the People's Republic of China tended to view overseas Chinese with suspicion as possible capitalist infiltrators and tended to value relationships with southeast Asian nations as more important than gaining support of overseas Chinese, and in the Bandung declaration explicitly stated that overseas Chinese owed primary loyalty to their home nation. On the other hand, overseas Chinese in their home nations were often persecuted for suspected or fabricated ties to "Communist China". This was used as a pretext for the massacres of ethnic Chinese in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries.
After the Deng Xiaoping reforms, the attitude of the PRC toward overseas Chinese changed dramatically. Rather than being seen with suspicion, they were seen as people which could aid PRC development via their skills and capital. During the 1980s, the PRC actively attempted to court the support of overseas Chinese by among other things, returning properties that were confiscated after the 1949 revolution. More recently PRC policy has attempted to maintain the support of recently emigrated Chinese, who consist largely of Chinese seeking graduate education in the West. Many overseas Chinese are now investing in mainland China providing financial resources, social and cultural networks, contacts and opportunities. However, some distrust between Chinese and overseas Chinese still remains.[46]
According to Article 5 of the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China: "Any person born abroad whose parents are both Chinese nationals or one of whose parents is a Chinese national shall have Chinese nationality. But a person whose parents are both Chinese nationals and have both settled abroad, or one of whose parents is a Chinese national and has settled abroad, and who has acquired foreign nationality at birth shall not have Chinese nationality".[47] However the Nationality Law of the Republic of China, which permits dual citizenship, considers these persons to be citizens of the ROC.
Current numbers
There are over 40 million overseas Chinese[48], mostly living in Southeast Asia where they make up a majority of the population of Singapore and significant minority populations in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. The overseas populations in those areas arrived between the 16th and 19th centuries mostly from the maritime provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, followed by Hainan. There were incidences of earlier emigration from the 15th centuries in particular to Malacca.[49]
Urban areas with large Chinese populations include Kuala Lumpur with 612,277 (2000 census, city only),[50] Penang with 650,000 (2005), the New York City Metropolitan Area with 665,714 and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area with 562,355 (2009),[51] as well as the Greater Toronto Area with 486,300 (2006 Census, metropolitan area).[52]
Statistics
Continent/Country Articles about Chinese population Overseas Chinese Population Year of the data Asia 31,279,797 2006 Indonesia Chinese Indonesian/Tionghoa 10,000,000 2008[53] Malaysia Malaysian Chinese, Peranakan 7,100,000 2008[54] Thailand Thai Chinese 7,000,000 2005[55] Singapore Chinese Singaporean 2,794,000 2010 [56] Vietnam Hoa, Ngái, San Diu 1,200,000 2005[55] Cambodia Chinese Cambodian, Cambodian Hokkien 1,180,000 2008[39] Philippines Chinese Filipino, Tornatras, Sangley 1,100,000 2005[55] Myanmar Burmese Chinese, Panthay 1,100,000 2005[55] Japan Chinese in Japan 655,377 1 2008[57] South Korea Chinese in South Korea 624,994 2 2009[58] Kazakhstan Chinese in Kazakhstan 300,000 2009 India Chinese in India 189,470 2005[55] Laos Laotian Chinese 185,765 2005[55] United Arab Emirates Chinese people in the United Arab Emirates 180,000 2009[59] Brunei Ethnic Chinese in Brunei 43,000 2006[60] Israel Chinese people in Israel 23,000 2001[citation needed] North Korea Chinese in North Korea 10,000 2009[61] Pakistan Chinese people in Pakistan 10,000 2009[62] Sri Lanka Chinese people in Sri Lanka 3,500 ?[63] Iran Chinese people in Iran 3,000 -- Kyrgyzstan Chinese people in Kyrgyzstan 1,813 2009 Mongolia Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia 1,323 2000[citation needed] Bangladesh Chinese in Bangladesh 1,200 2011[64] Americas 6,059,240 2008 United States Chinese American, American-born Chinese 3,500,000 2007[65] Canada Chinese Canadian, Canadian-born Chinese 1,300,000 2006[66] Peru Chinese-Peruvian 1,300,000 2005[55] Brazil Chinese Brazilian 151,649 2005[55] Panama Chinese-Panamanian 135,000 2003[citation needed] Cuba Chinese Cuban 114,240 2008[67] Argentina 100,000 2008[68] Mexico Chinese Mexican 23,000 2003[69] Nicaragua Chinese Nicaraguan 12,000 --[70] Suriname Chinese-Surinamese 40,000 2011[71] Jamaica Chinese Jamaican 70,000 --[72] Dominican Republic Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic 15,000 --[73] Costa Rica Chinese-Costa Rican 7,873 2009[citation needed] Chile Chinese people in Chile 5,000 --[citation needed] Trinidad & Tobago Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian 3,800 2000[citation needed] Guyana Chinese Guyanese 2,722 1921[74] Belize 1,716 2000[75] Puerto Rico Chinese-Puerto Rican -- -- Haiti Chinese Haitian 230 -- Europe 1,716,233 2006 Russia Chinese people in Russia, Dungan people 998,000 2005[55] France Chinese diaspora in France, Chinois (Réunion) 700,000 2010[55] United Kingdom British Chinese 500,000 2008[76] Italy Chinese people in Italy 201,000 2011[77] Spain Chinese people in Spain 128,022 2008[78] Netherlands Chinese people in the Netherlands 76,960 2011[79] Germany Chinese people in Germany 71,639 2004[80] Serbia Chinese people in Serbia 20,000 2008[81] Ireland -- 16,533 2006[82] Denmark Chinese people in Denmark 10,247 2009[83] Bulgaria Chinese people in Bulgaria 10,000 2005[84] Portugal Chinese people in Portugal 9,689 2007 [85] Sweden -- 14,134 2010 [86] Finland -- 7,546 2010 [87] Czech Republic Chinese people in the Czech Republic 4,986 2007[88] Romania Chinese of Romania 2,249 2002[89] Turkey Chinese people in Turkey 1,000 2009 Oceania 1,021,019 2003 Australia Chinese Australian 669,896 2006[90] New Zealand Chinese New Zealander 147,570 2006[91] Samoa Chinese in Samoa 30,000 --[citation needed] Papua New Guinea Chinese people in Papua New Guinea 20,000 2008[92][93] Fiji Chinese in Fiji 6,000 2000[citation needed] Tonga Chinese in Tonga 3,000 2001[94][95] Palau Chinese in Palau 1,019 2001[96] Africa 734,000 2009 South Africa Chinese South Africans 350,000 2009[97] Angola 100,000 2007[98][dubious – discuss] Egypt Chinese people in Egypt 100,000 2010[99] Madagascar Chinese people in Madagascar 60,000 2007[100][101] Nigeria 50,000 2008[102] Mauritius Sino-Mauritian 30,000 2007[103] Réunion Chinois 25,000 1999[104] Zambia 20,000 2003[105] Mozambique 12,000 2007[106] Kenya 10,000 2007[107] Tanzania 10,000 2008[108] Ghana 7,000 2008[109] Botswana 6,000 2009[110] Cameroon 2,000 2008[111] Senegal 2,000 2008[112] Seychelles Sino-Seychellois 1,000 1999[113] Total -- 40,382,279 Statistics compiled using local country statistics or best available estimates. Note that the percentages may not add up due to varying census and estimate dates.
Returning
See also: Haigui This section requires expansion. In the case of Indonesia and Burma, political and ethnic strife has cause a significant number of people of Chinese origins to re-emigrate.
Due to the growing economic strength and the influence on the world, many overseas Chinese have began to migrate back to China. The trend is expected to rise even more in the future.
See also
Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia Asian Latin American Bumiputra Chinese migration Chinatown, the article, and Category:Chinatowns the international category list Chinese Clan Association Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association Hong Kongers List of overseas Chinese Overseas Chinese banks Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Third culture kid Notes
^ The Japanese nationals with Chinese ethnicity are excluded. ^ This number includes 443,566 people called Joseonjok (조선족). Joseonjok people are the Koreans who have Chinese citizenship. The 181,428 Chinese people who are ethnic Chinese (calculated from 624,994-443,566) in Korea are called Hwagyo (화교). (See reference) References
^ (as part of Chinese Indonesian population) ^ Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia and Wei Jing (2008). Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions. University of California Press. p. 127. ^ The Story of California From the Earliest Days to the Present, by Henry K. Norton. 7th ed. Chicago, A.C. McClurg & Co., 1924. Chapter XXIV, pp. 283-296. ^ Kim, Hyung-jin (2006-08-29). "No 'real' Chinatown in S. Korea, the result of xenophobic attitudes". Yonhap News. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_ ... 52641.html. Retrieved 2006-12-08. ^ "More Than 1 Million Foreigners Live in Korea". Chosun Ilbo. 2009-08-06. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/htm ... 00243.html. Retrieved 2009-08-16. ^ Chinese flocking in numbers to a new frontier: Africa ^ SA-Born Chinese and the Colours of Exclusion, allAfrica.com: ^ China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration, By Malia Politzer, Migration Information Source, August 2008 ^ Zambians wary of "exploitative" Chinese employers, irinnews.org, November 23, 2006 ^ Direct air flights between Nigeria, China proposed, China Daily, August 30, 2008 ^ China’s African Misadventures, Newsweek, December 3, 2007 ^ Chinese, Algerians fight in Algiers - witnesses. Reuters. August 4, 2009. ^ Chinese Come To Russia ^ A Chinese 'Invasion' ^ Chinese Presence Grows in Russian Far East ^ Vladivostok's Chinese puzzle ^ [1] ^ Chinesen in Deutschland – ein historischer Überblick ^ Heimat süßsauer ^ The world's successful diasporas ^ Chua. pg. 3 & 43. ^ Chua. (2003). pg. 61. ^ Malaysia's race rules. The Economist Newspaper Limited (2005-08-25). Requires login. ^ 明清对待海外华人的不同态度 ^ 海外汉人被屠杀的血泪史大全 ^ 十七﹒八世紀海外華人慘案初探 ^ 东南亚华人遭受的几次屠杀 ^ 南洋华人被大规模屠杀不完全记录 ^ Indonesian academics fight burning of books on 1965 coup, smh.com.au ^ Vickers (2005), p. 158 ^ BBC News | Analysis | Indonesia: Why ethnic Chinese are afraid ^ Wages of Hatred. Michael Shari. Business Week. ^ "Editorial: Racist moves will rebound on Tonga", New Zealand Herald, November 23, 2001 ^ Spiller, Penny: "Riots highlight Chinese tensions", BBC News, Friday, 21 April 2006, 18:57 GMT ^ Race clouds Malaysian birthday festivities ^ The Urban History of the Southeast Asian Coastal Cities. http://www.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~fujimori/ ... e/phd.html. ^ As Mandarin language becomes standard, Chinatown explores new identity ^ "Dari Tiongkok ke Pulau Bangka Bedol Desa ala Kuli Tionghoa". AMCA. August 19, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-September 10. http://merito.wordpress.com/2007/08/19/ ... i-tionghoa. ^ a b http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008- ... 324545.htm ^ (PDF) Language Use and English-Speaking Ability: 2000. U.S. Census Brueau. October 2003. http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-22 ^ a b 2006 Census Profile of Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order): Language, Mobility and Migration and Immigration and Citizenship. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 2007 ^ a b Lai, H. Mark (2004). Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions. AltaMira Press. ISBN 0759104581. ^ a b García, Ofelia; Fishman, Joshua A. (2002). The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 311017281X. ^ Community Profiles from the 2006 Census - Richmond. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-01-16. ^ Community Profiles from the 2006 Census - Vancouver CMA. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-01-16. ^ http://www.statesman.com/news/world/u-s ... 17218.html ^ Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China - china.org.cn ^ http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/20050 ... 87556.html ^ "Chapter 5: The development and future of Chinese kinship Associations in Singapore and Malaysia". The Chinese in Southeast Asia and beyond: socioeconomic and political dimensions by Qinghuang Yan. World Scientific. 2008. http://books.google.com/books?id=xXjEjO ... ca&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-01. ^ "Economic Base and Population". Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan. Statistics Malaysia. http://www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english ... /index.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-25 ^ "New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area". American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/AD ... &-_lang=en. Retrieved 2010-10-01 ^ "Toronto: Largest number of visible minorities in the country". Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: Canada's major census metropolitan areas. Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census0 ... oronto.cfm. Retrieved 2009-08-25 ^ [2], thejakartapost ^ Malaysia. Background Notes. United States: Department of State. December 2008. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-08 ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. ^ "Table 3 Ethnic Composition of the Resident Population", Singapore Department of Statistics, Social Statistics Section, http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/popn/c2010acr.pdf, retrieved 2011-01-12 ^ Ministry of Justice. Japan. July, 2009. <http://www.moj.go.jp/PRESS/090710-1/090710-3.pdf>. ^ "More Than 1 Million Foreigners Live in Korea". Chosun Ilbo. 2009-08-06. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/htm ... 00243.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18 ^ Chinese expats in Dubai - TimeOut Dubai ^ "Brunei". The World Factbook. Langley, VA: Central Intelligence Agency. 2006. https://www.cia.gov/library/publication ... os/bx.html. Retrieved 2006-09-17. The total population of Brunei is estimated at 380,000, of whom 11.2% are of Chinese descent. ^ "Chinese in N.Korea 'Face Repression'". Chosun Ilbo. 2009-10-10. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/htm ... 00229.html. Retrieved 2009-10-15 ^ Fazl-e-Haider, Syed (2009-09-11). "Chinese shun Pakistan exodus". Asia Times. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI11Df01.html. Retrieved 2009-09-11 ^ http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_c ... population ^ Bangladesh, Lonely Planet by Marika McAdam ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States". http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IP ... &-format=.. Retrieved 2008-09-29. ^ " Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data," [3] ^ CIA World Factbook. Cuba. 2008. May 15, 2008. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html>. ^ People Daily community estimation. <http://spanish.peopledaily.com.cn/31621/6415237.html>. ^ http://www.embajadachina.org.mx/esp/zmgx/t44249.htm=B ^ "Nicaragua: People groups". Joshua Project. http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=NU. Retrieved 2007-03-26. ^ Romero, Simon (2011-04-10). "China Aids Suriname, Expanding South American Role". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/11/world ... iname.html. ^ Joshua Project - Han Chinese, Hakka of Jamaica Ethnic People Profile ^ : dr1.com - The Chinese Community and Santo Domingo’s Barrio Chino - Page 1 ^ History of the Chinese in Guyana ^ http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEng ... erMain.inl ^ ""Population of the UK, by ethnic group, 2001" (Note that in UK usage Asian in this context refer to South Asia)". http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=455. Retrieved 23 June 2006. ^ Statistiche demografiche ISTAT. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística: Padrón 2008 [4]. ^ Dutch Census Bureau (excludes ethnic Chinese not from China)[5]. ^ Federal Statistical Office Germany [6]. ^ Little China in Belgrade ^ Beyond 20/20 WDS - Table View ^ Statistics Denmark 2009 ^ Кръстева, Анна (2005). "Китайците". Имиграцията в България. София: IMIR. pp. 80–104. ISBN 954-8872-56-0. http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/Imigr ... lgaria.pdf. ^ "Foreign population with legal status of residence (No.) by Place of residence (NUTS-2002) and Nationality". Population. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. 2007. http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=IN ... elTab=tab0. Retrieved 2009-03-18 ^ Statistiska centralbyrån ^ Tilastokeskus [7]. ^ Czech Statistical Office 2007 ^ Vasiliu, Adrian O.; Vasileanu, Marius; Duţă, Mihai; Covaci, Talida (2005-08-01). "Chinezii din Romania - polul est-european al civilizatiei asiatice/Chinese in Romania - Eastern European pole of Asian civilisation". Adevărul. http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/2005/ch ... atice.html. Retrieved 2009-04-07 ^ 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics [8]. ^ QuickStats About Culture and Identity - Asian, 2006 Census, Statistics New Zealand. Accessed 2007-07-13. ^ Nelson 2007, p. 8 ^ Chin 2008, p. 118 ^ "Tonga announces the expulsion of hundreds of Chinese immigrants", John Braddock, wsws.org, December 18, 2001 ^ "Tonga to expel race-hate victims", Paul Raffaele & Matthew Dearnaley, New Zealand Herald, November 22, 2001 ^ Palau, CIA World Factbook, rertieved October 14, 2009 ^ Park, Yoon Jung (2009). Recent Chinese Migrations to South Africa - New Intersections of Race, Class and Ethnicity. Interdisciplinary Perspectives. ISBN 978-1-904710-81-3. http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-co ... -v1.3b.pdf. Retrieved September 20, 2010. ^ http://www.newsweek.com/id/72028/page/1 ^ "Chinese prostitution ring busted in Maadi", Almasry Alyoum, 2010-09-13, http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/ch ... sted-maadi, retrieved 2010-10-03 ^ Man 2006 ^ Bureau of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Chinese Affairs 2007 ^ http://www.migrationinformation.org/Fea ... cfm?id=690 ^ 非洲华人华侨简况. Dongguan: Bureau of Foreign Affairs and Overseas Chinese Affairs. 2007-04-20. http://dgfao.dg.gov.cn/gb/articledetail ... tegoryid=7. Retrieved 2008-10-30 ^ Chinese Language Educational Foundation 1999 ^ Time. 2009-03-11. http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0 ... 55,00.html. Retrieved 2010-05-20. ^ Chinese in Mozambique ^ Chinese people in Kenya ^ Chinese people in Tanzania ^ Chinese people in Ghana ^ Chinese people in Botswana ^ Chinese people in Cameroon ^ Chinese people in Senegal ^ 1999 年底非洲国家和地区华侨、华人人口数 (1999 year-end statistics on Chinese expatriate and overseas Chinese population numbers in African countries and territories). Chinese Language Educational Foundation. http://www.chinaqw.com/node2/node116/no ... 43484.html. Further reading
Pan, Lynn. The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas, Landmark Books, Singapore, 1998. ISBN 981-4155-90-X Chin, Ung Ho. The Chinese of South East Asia, London: Minority Rights Group, 2000. ISBN 1-897693-28-1 López-Calvo, Ignacio. Imaging the Chinese in Cuban Literature and Culture, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2008. ISBN 0-8130-3240-7 Fitzgerald, John. "Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia", UNSW Press, Sydney, 2007. ISBN 978-0868408-70-5 External links
Andrewkidz Collections Library - The Overseas Chinese Biographies Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (Chinese) Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, R.O.C. Ohio University Study on Distribution of the Overseas Chinese Population The Distribution of the Overseas Chinese in the Contemporary World Museum of Chinese in the Americas The Overseas Chinese returnees movement (Chinese) Chinese in Africa
A Chinatown is a certain type of ethnic enclave of overseas Chinese people. Chinatowns are present throughout the world, including those in East Asia, Southeast Asia, the Americas, Australasia, and Europe. Chinatown, Manila (Binondo) (Philippines) is the oldest Chinatown in the world, established in 1594.[1] In the past, crowded Chinatowns in urban areas were places of cultural insularity.[citation needed] Currently, many old and new Chinatowns are considered significant centers of commerce and tourism.[citation needed] Some of them also serve, to varying degrees, as centers of multiculturalism.[citation needed]
While some Chinatowns are focused on commercial tourism, others are actual living and working communities; many are in fact a synergetic synthesis of both. Chinatowns can range from slum ghettos to modern sites of up-to-date development.[citation needed] In some, recent investments have revitalized rundown and blighted areas and turned them into centers of buzzing economic and social activity.[citation needed] In certain cases, this has led to gentrification and a reduction in the specifically Chinese character of the neighborhoods.[citation needed]
Some Chinatowns have a long history, such as the Chinatown in Nagasaki, Japan, or Yaowarat Road in Bangkok, Thailand, both of which were founded by Chinese traders more than 200 years ago.[citation needed] The Chinatown in San Francisco is the oldest and one of the largest Chinatowns in North America. Other cities in North America where Chinatowns were founded in the mid-nineteenth century include almost every major settlement along the West Coast from San Diego to Victoria. By the second half of the nineteenth century, bustling Chinatowns were also established in Vancouver, New York City, Toronto, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit & Montreal.[citation needed] The discovery of gold in Australia caused the establishment of relatively small Chinatowns in cities there, and similar migrations of Chinese resulted in tiny settlements termed "Chinatowns" being established in New Zealand and even South Africa.[citation needed] European Chinatowns, such as those in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, are for the most part smaller and of more recent history than their North American counterparts. Newer Chinatowns, such as Chinatown, Las Vegas in 1995, Dubai and Santo Domingo have also received official recognition recently.
[edit] History of the earliest Chinatowns by region
Trading centres populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses had long existed throughout Southeast Asia. Emigration to other parts of the world from China accelerated in the 1860s with the enactment of the Treaty of Peking, which opened the border for free movement. Early emigrants came primarily from the coastal provinces of Guangdong and Fujian (Fukien, Hokkien) – where Cantonese, Hakka, and Chaozhou (Teochew, Chiu Chow) are largely spoken—in southeastern China. Initially, the Qing government of China was unconcerned by the emigration of this population as they were likely considered socially undesirable and "traitorous" to China.[citation needed] Trading and moneymaking was considered vulgar and consequently frowned upon in Confucian China, in which Chinese migrants were intending to earn wages as sojourners.[citation needed] However, the Chinese were not strictly united as a group but were divided along sub-ethnic/linguistic lines and friction between those of Cantonese (Punti) and Hakka stocks were common occurrences.[citation needed] Generally, there were also mild but recognisable sub-divisions based on Chinese clans/surnames.
Taishanese people and Cantonese settled in the first North America, Australian, and Latin American Chinatowns.[citation needed] Most of them were brought as contract coolies to build the railroad, but many had come originally in pursuit of gold. As a group, the Cantonese are linguistically and ethnically distinct from other groups in China with migrants especially coming mostly from the Siyi and Sanyi regions (with various variations of spoken Cantonese) of Guangdong; Cantonese remained the dominant language and heritage of many Chinatowns in Western countries until the 1970s.[citation needed] Due to laws in some countries barring the importation of Chinese wives (for fear of the perceived Yellow Peril), some Chinatowns emerged as bachelor's societies where males dominated and the male-to-female ratio population was generally skewed.[citation needed] In Latin America, many Cantonese-speaking migrants arrived as indentured labourers particularly in Peru (to work in the deadly guano fields) and Cuba (to labor in sugar plantations) giving those countries substantial Chinatowns.[citation needed]
The Hokkien and Chaozhou (both groups speaking the Minnan sub-group of Chinese dialects), along with Cantonese are the dominant group in Southeast Asian Chinatowns.[citation needed] Chinese migrants also pioneered some major Southeast Asian cities, such as Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and hence Chinese influence is felt there. The Hakka groups established Chinatowns in Africa (particularly Mauritius),[citation needed] Latin America and the Caribbean. Northern Chinese settled in Korea in the 1940s.[citation needed]
In Europe, early Chinese were generally seamen who jumped ship and began to provide services for other Chinese mariners[citation needed]. In the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the United Kingdom treated China as part of its unofficial Empire employing Chinese in its merchant marine in significant numbers. Consequently, from the 1890s onwards, significant Chinese communities grew up in London and Liverpool – the main ports for the China trade. However, these communities were a mixture of Chinese men, their British wives and their Eurasian children. Moreover, they were generally inhabited by those Chinese catering for Chinese seamen. The majority spread throughout these cities usually operating laundries at this time.
France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province of China (to this day, France continues to attract many Chinese immigrants from this particular province; Paris' newest Chinatown in Belleville is heavily influenced by such immigrants).[citation needed] Chinatowns also are found in the Indian city of Kolkata (See article) (once Hakka influenced) and formerly in Mumbai (See article).
By the late 1970s, the Vietnam War also played a significant part in the development and redevelopment of various Chinatowns in developed Western countries. As a result, many Chinatowns have become pan-Asian business districts and residential neighborhoods. By contrast, most Chinatowns in the past were solely inhabited by Chinese from southeastern China.
Historic Chinatowns such as San Francisco has had a significant influence on the perception of Chinatowns in western countries. Although, in reality, it and other North American Chinatowns fall outside the tradition of Chinese settlement in having significant numbers of Chinese women.
[edit] Africa
There are three noteworthy Chinatowns in Africa located in the coastal African nations of Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa. South Africa has the largest Chinatown and the largest Chinese population of any African country and remains a popular destination for Chinese immigrants coming to Africa. The Chinatown on Derrick Avenue in Cyrildene, Johannesburg is South Africa's largest Chinatown.
[edit] Asia
Chinatowns in Asia are widespread with a large concentration of overseas Chinese in East Asia and Southeast Asia and ethnic Chinese whose ancestors came from southern China – particularly the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, and Hainan – and settled in countries such as Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam centuries ago—starting as early as the Tang Dynasty, but mostly notably in the 17th through the 19th centuries (during the reign of the Qing Dynasty), and well into the 20th century.
Chinatown, Gachsaran (Mahale chiniha) (Iran) Chinatown, Singapore (Singapore) Chinatown, Kuala Lumpur (Petaling Street) (Malaysia) Chinatown, Bangkok (Yaowarat Road) (Thailand) Chinatown, Manila (Binondo) (Philippines)(oldest outside Chinese territory established 1521) Chinatown, Davao City (Philippines) Chinatown, Nagasaki (Shinchimachi) (Japan) Chinatown, Ho Chi Minh City (Cholon) (Vietnam) Chinatown, Jakarta (Glodok) (Indonesia) Chinatown, Kolkata (Tangra) (India) Chinatown, Karachi (Pakistan) Chinatown, Yokohama (Japan) Chinatown, Kobe (Japan) Chinatown, Incheon (South Korea) Chinatown, Mumbai (India) [edit] Australia
[edit] Sydney
Main article: Chinatown, Sydney Sydney's main Chinatown centres around Sussex St in the Sydney CBD, Sydney. It stretches from Central Station in the east to Darling Harbour in the west. It is Australia's largest Chinatown.
[edit] Melbourne
Main article: Chinatown, Melbourne The Chinatown of Melbourne in Australia lies within the Melbourne Central Business District and centers around the eastern end of Little Bourke St. It extends between the corners of Swanston and Exhibition Streets.
Melbourne's Chinatown originated during the Victorian gold rush in 1851 when Chinese prospectors joined the rush in search of gold. It is notable as the oldest Chinatown in Australia. It is also the second-longest continuously running Chinese community outside of Asia, only because the 1906 San Francisco earthquake all but destroyed the chinatown in San Francisco in California.[2][3][4]
[edit] United States
Main article: Chinatowns in Canada and the United States [edit] San Francisco
Main article: Chinatown, San Francisco A Pacific port city, San Francisco has the oldest and longest continuous running Chinatown in the Western Hemisphere.[2][3][4] It originated circa 1848 and served as a gateway for incoming immigrants who arrived during the California gold rush and the construction of the North American transcontinental railroads. Chinatown was later reconceptualized as a tourist attraction in the 1910s.[citation needed] Contrary to the beliefs of some, San Francisco's Chinatown was nearly, but not completely destroyed by the 1906 earthquake, nor did all of its inhabitants re-locate elsewhere. Looming large were proposals by real estate speculators and politicians to expand the Financial District's influence into the area, and moving the Chinese community to the southern part of the city. In response, many of Chinatown's residents and landlords stayed behind to stake their neighborhood's claim, sleeping out in the open and makeshift tents. Numerous businesses and housing based in brick buildings survived with moderate damage and continued functioning, if only in a limited capacity. In just 2 short years after the earthquake, the landmark Sing Fat and Sing Chong buildings were completed as a statement of the Chinese community's resolve to remain in the area. As a result of this action, Chinatown remains the longest, continuous running Chinese community outside of Asia.[2][3][4] Still a community of predominantly Taishanese-speaking inhabitants, San Francisco's Chinatown became one of the most important Chinese centers in the United States.[5][6]
[edit] New York City
Main articles: Chinatown, Manhattan; Chinatown, Flushing; and Chinatown, Brooklyn
The New York City Metropolitan Area contains the largest ethnic Chinese population outside of Asia, enumerating 665,714 individuals as of the 2009 American Community Survey Census statistical data,[7] comprising at least 7 Chinatowns (including 6 in New York City proper[8]). Chinese Americans, as a whole, have had a (relatively) long tenure in New York City. The first Chinese immigrants came to Lower Manhattan around 1870, looking for the "gold" America had to offer.[9] By 1880, the enclave around Five Points was estimated to have from 200 to as many as 1,100 members.[9] However, the Chinese Exclusion Act, which went into effect in 1882, caused an abrupt decline in the number of Chinese who immigrated to New York and the rest of the United States.[9] Later, in 1943, the Chinese were given a small quota, and the community's population gradually increased until 1968, when the quota was lifted and the Chinese American population skyrocketed.[9] In the past few years, the Cantonese dialect that has dominated Chinatown for decades is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin Chinese, the national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants.[10]
[edit] Additional Chinatowns
Chinatown, Boston Chinatown, Philadelphia Chinatown, Washington, D.C. Chinatown, Los Angeles Chinatown, Chicago Chinatown, Honolulu Chinatown, Detroit Chinatown, Houston International District, Seattle Chinatown, Portland [edit] Canada
[edit] Vancouver
Main article: Chinatown, Vancouver Vancouver's Chinatown is the largest in Canada.[11] Dating back to the late 19th century, the main center of the older Chinatown is Pender and Main Street in downtown Vancouver, which is also, along with Victoria's Chinatown, one of the oldest surviving Chinatowns in North America, and has been the setting for a variety of modern Chinese Canadian culture and literature. Vancouver's Chinatown contains numerous galleries, shops, restaurants, and markets, in addition to the Chinese Cultural Centre and the Dr. Sun Yat Sen Classical Chinese Garden and park; the garden is the first and one of the largest Ming era-style Chinese gardens outside China.
Although only one neighbourhood is designated as Chinatown in modern Greater Vancouver, the high proportion of Chinese people living in the region (the highest in North America) has created many commercial and residential areas that while Chinese-dominated are not called "Chinatown", as in Greater Vancouver that refers only to the historic Chinatown in the city core. There is an abundance of Chinese and Asian malls in the region, with the highest concentration in the Golden Village district of Richmond.
[edit] Toronto
Main article: Chinatown, Toronto Chinatown, Toronto is an ethnic enclave in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with a high concentration of ethnic Chinese residents and businesses extending along Dundas Street West and Spadina Avenue. First developed in the late 19th century, it is now one of the largest Chinatowns in North America and one of several major Chinese-Canadian communities in the Greater Toronto Area.
[edit] Additional Chinatowns
Chinatown, Edmonton Chinatown, Montreal Chinatown, Ottawa Chinatown, Victoria Chinatown, Winnipeg [edit] Latin America
Main article: Chinatowns in Latin America
Chinatowns in Latin America developed with the rise of Chinese immigration in the 19th century to various countries in Latin America as contract laborers in agricultural and fishing industries. Most came from Guangdong Province. Since the 1970s, the new arrivals have typically hailed from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Latin American Chinatowns may include the descendants of original migrants – often of mixed Chinese and Latino parentage – and more recent immigrants from East Asia. Most Asian Latin Americans are of Cantonese and Hakka origin. Estimates widely vary on the number of Chinese Descendants in Latin America but it is at least 1.4 million and likely much greater than this.
Notable Chinatowns in Latin America include:
Chinatown, Mexicali (Mexico) Chinatown, Lima (Peru) Chino de La Habana, Cuba Chinatown, Buenos Aires, (Argentina) Chinatown, Mexico City, (Mexico) Chinatown, Santo Domingo, (Republica Dominicana) Chinatown, Panama, (Panama)
[edit] Europe
Several urban Chinatowns exist in major European capital cities. There is Chinatown, London, England as well as a major Chinatown in Manchester, and two Chinatowns in Paris, France: One where many Vietnamese – specifically ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam – have settled in the Quartier chinois in the XIIIe arrondissement of Paris, and the other in Belleville in the northeast of Paris. In 2002 and 2003, Berlin, Germany was considering establishing a Chinatown. Antwerp, Belgium has also seen an upstart Chinese community, that has recently been recognised by the local authorities.[12]
Ireland: two Chinatowns in Dublin, located on both ends of Parnell Street. United Kingdom Chinatown, Liverpool: the oldest Chinese community in Europe.[13] Chinatown, London: established in the Limehouse district in the late 19th century Chinatown, Manchester: located in east central Manchester.[citation needed] Chinatown, Newcastle upon Tyne Netherlands Chinatown, Amsterdam Chinatown, The Hague Chinatown, Rotterdam France Chinatown, Paris: located in the 13th arrondissement.
[edit] Features
The features described below are characteristic of most Chinatowns. In some[which?] cases, however, they may only apply to Chinatowns in Western countries, such as those in North America, Australia, and Western Europe.
Many tourist-destination metropolitan Chinatowns can be distinguished by large red arch entrance structures known in Mandarin Chinese as Paifang (sometimes accompanied by mason lion statues on either side of the paifang that greet visitors). They usually have special inscriptions in Chinese. Historically, these gateways were donated to a particular city as a gift from the Republic of China and People's Republic of China governments (such as Chinatown, San Francisco) and business organizations. The long-neglected Chinatown in Havana, Cuba, received materials for its paifang from the People's Republic of China as part of Chinatown's gradual renaissance. Construction of these red arches was also financed by local financial contributions from the Chinatown community. Some span an entire intersection and some are smaller in height and width. Some paifang can be made of wood, masonry, or steel and may incorporate an elaborate or simple design.
However, some Chinatowns that still do not have the arch feature are considering installing one, such as the Chinatowns in Houston and Toronto, as these arches are believed to increase tourist traffic.[citation needed] Additionally, work is being done by the Chinatown community of London to develop a new and more authentic Chinese arch on Wardour Street to act as a counterpoint to the Western influenced one on Gerrard Street (pictured above).[citation needed]
[edit] Bilingual signs
Many major metropolitan areas with Chinatowns have bilingual street signs in Chinese and the language of the adopted country.[citation needed] Other public services are sometimes bilingual, like banking machines.[citation needed]
[edit] Antiquated features
Many early Chinatowns were characterized by the large number of Chinese-owned chop suey restaurants, laundry businesses, and opium dens, until around the mid-20th century when most of these businesses began to disappear; though some remain, they are generally seen as anachronisms.[citation needed] In early years of Chinatowns, the opium dens were patronized as a relaxation and to escape the harsh and brutal realities of a non-Chinese society, although in North American Chinatowns, they were also frequented by non-Chinese. Additionally, due to the inability on the part of Chinese immigrant men to bring a wife and lack of available local Chinese women for men to marry, brothels became common in some Chinatowns in the 19th century. Chinese laundries, which required very little capital and English ability, were fairly prosperous. These businesses no longer exist in many Chinatowns and have been replaced by Chinese grocery stores, Chinese restaurants that serve more authentic Chinese cuisine, and other establishments. While opium dens no longer exist, illegal basement gambling parlors are still places of recreation in many Chinatowns, where men gather to play mahjong and other games.
[edit] Restaurants
Most Chinatowns are centered around food and as a result Chinatowns worldwide are usually popular destinations for various ethnic Chinese and other Asian cuisines such as Vietnamese, Thai, and Malaysian. Some Chinatowns, such as Singapore, have their localized style of Chinese cuisine. Restaurants serve many Chinatowns both as a major economic component and social gathering places. In the Chinatowns in the western countries, restaurant work may be the only type of employment available for poorer immigrants, especially those who cannot converse fluently in the language of the adopted country. Most Chinatowns generally have a range of authentic and touristic restaurants.
Generally, restaurants serving authentic Chinese food primarily to immigrant customers have never conformed to these Chinatown stereotypes. Because of ethnic Chinese immigration and the expanded palate of many contemporary cultures, the remaining American Chinese and Canadian Chinese cuisine restaurants are seen as anachronisms but remain popular and profitable. In many Chinatowns, there are now many large, authentic Cantonese seafood restaurants, restaurants specializing in other varieties of Chinese cuisine such as Hakka cuisine, Szechuan cuisine, Shanghai cuisine, and small restaurants with delis.
[edit] Chop suey and chow mein eateries
Often lit by neon signage, restaurants offering chop suey or chow mein, mainly for the benefit for non-Chinese customers, were frequent in older Chinatowns. These dishes are offered in standard barbecue restaurants and takeouts (take-away restaurants).
[edit] Cantonese seafood restaurants
Cantonese seafood restaurants (海鮮酒家, pronounced in Cantonese as hoy seen jau ga) typically use a large dining room layout, have ornate designs, and specialize in seafood such as expensive Chinese-style lobsters, crabs, prawns, clams, and oysters, all kept live in tanks until preparation. Some seafood restaurants may also offer dim sum in the morning through the early afternoon hours as waiters announce the names of dishes whilst pushing steamy carts of food and pastries across the restaurant. These restaurants are also used for weddings, banquets, and other special events.
These types of restaurants flourished and became in vogue in Hong Kong during the 1960s and subsequently began opening in various Chinatowns overseas. Owing to their higher menu prices and greater amount of investment capital required to open and manage one (due to higher levels of staffing needed), they tend to be more common in Chinatowns and satellite communities in developed countries and in fairly affluent Chinese immigrant communities, notably in Australia, Canada, and the United States, where they have received significant population of Hong Kong Chinese émigrés. Poorer immigrants usually cannot start these kinds of restaurants, although they too are employed in them. There are generally fewer of them in the older Chinatowns; for example, they are practically non-existent in Vancouver's Chinatown, but more are found in its suburbs such as Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Competition between these restaurants is often fierce; hence owners of seafood restaurants hire and even "steal" well-rounded chefs, many of whom are from Hong Kong.[citation needed]
[edit] Barbecue delicatessens/restaurants
Also, Chinese barbecue deli restaurants , called siu laap (燒臘) and sometimes called a "noodle house" or mein ga (麵家), are generally low-key and serve less expensive fare such as wonton noodles (or wonton mein), chow fun (炒粉, stir-fry rice noodles), Yeung Chow fried rice (揚州炒飯), and rice porridge or congee, known as juk in Cantonese Chinese. They also tend to have displays of whole pre-cooked roasted ducks and suckling pigs hanging in their windows, a common feature in most Chinatowns worldwide. These delis also serve barbecue pork (叉燒, cha siu), chicken feet and other Chinese-style items less welcome to the typical Western palate. Food is usually intended for take-out. Some of these Chinatown restaurants sometimes have the reputation of being "greasy spoons" and reputation for poor service.
Vietnamese immigrants, both ethnic Chinese and non-Chinese, have opened restaurants in many Chinatowns, serving Vietnamese pho beef noodle soups and Franco-Vietnamese sandwiches. Some immigrants have also started restaurants serving Teochew Chinese cuisine. Some Chinatowns old and new may also contain several pan-Asian restaurants offering a variety of Asian noodles under one roof.
[edit] Chifas
A special feature of Chinatown in Lima, Peru (Barrio Chino de Lima) is the chifa, a Chinese-Peruvian type of restaurant which mixes Cantonese Chinese cuisine with local Peruvian flavours. Chifa is the Peruvian Spanish deriative of the Cantonese phrase jee fon (饎飯), which renders as "cook rice" or as "cook meal'". This type of restaurant is popular with native Peruvians.
[edit] Shops
This section requires expansion. Most Chinatown businesses are engaged in the import-export and wholesale businesses; hence a large number of trading companies are found in Chinatowns.
[edit] Ginseng, herbs and animal parts
Small ginseng and herb shops are common in most Chinatowns, selling products used in traditional Chinese medicine. The Canadian government has stepped up policing of Chinese traditional medicinal stores and on a few occasions several Chinese stores in Vancouver and Toronto have been raided for products taken from the harvesting of rare and endangered species, such as tiger bone, bear paw and bear gall bladder.[citation needed] This has been alleged by some Chinese to be racial persecution, despite environmental and moral concerns.[citation needed] Other products sold in this trade include sea cucumbers, sea horses, lizards, deer musk glands, shark fins, swallows' nests, antlers, bear bile pills, crocodile bile pills, deer musk pills, rhino skin pills, and pangolin pills, as well as a wide range of mushrooms, herbs, bark, seaweed, roots, and similar items.
[edit] Markets
As with the restaurant trade, grocery stores and seafood markets serve a key function in Chinatown economies, and these stores sell Chinese ingredients to such restaurants. Such markets are wholesalers. Chinatown grocers and markets are often characterized by sidewalk vegetable and fruit stalls – a quintessential image of Chinatowns – and also sell a variety of grocery items imported from East Asia (chiefly Mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea) and Southeast Asia (principally Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia). For example, most Chinatown markets stock items such as sacks of Thai jasmine rice, Chinese chrysanthemum and oolong teas, bottles of oyster sauce, rice vermicelli, Hong Kong soybean beverages, Malaysian snack items, Taiwanese rice crackers, and Japanese seaweed and Chinese specialties such as black duck eggs (often used in rice porridge), bok choy and water chestnuts. These markets may also sell fish (especially tilapia) and other seafood items, which are kept alive in aquariums, for Chinese and other Asian cuisine dishes. Until recently, these items generally could not be found outside the Chinatown enclaves, although since the 1970s Asian supermarkets have proliferated in the suburbs of North America and Australia, competing strongly with the old Chinatown markets.
[edit] Religious and funerary supplies
In keeping with Buddhist and Taoist funeral traditions, Chinese specialty shops also sell incense and funeral items which provide material comfort in the afterlife of the deceased. Shops sell specially-crafted replicas of small paper houses, paper radios, paper televisions, paper telephones, paper jewelry, and other material items. They also sell "hell money" currency notes. These items are intended to be burned in a furnace.
These businesses also sell red, wooden Buddhist altars and small statues for worship. Per Chinese custom, an offering of oranges are usually placed in front of the statue in the altar. Some altars are stacked atop each other. These altars may be found in many Chinatown businesses.
[edit] Video CD stores
Chinatowns may contain small businesses that sell imported VCDs and DVDs of Chinese-language films and karaoke. The VCDs are mainly titles of Hong Kong and PRC films, while there are also VCDs of Japanese anime and occasionally pornography. Often, imported bootleg DVDs and VCDs are sold owing to lax enforcement of copyright laws.
[edit] Street merchants
Street merchants selling low-priced vegetables, fruits, clothes, newspapers, and knickknacks are common in most Chinatowns. Most of the peddlers tend to be elderly (Cantonese: lo wah cue).
[edit] Benevolent and business associations
A major component of many Chinatowns is the family benevolent association, which provides some degree of aid to immigrants. These associations generally provide social support, religious services, death benefits (members' names in Chinese are generally enshrined on tablets and posted on walls), meals, and recreational activities for ethnic Chinese, especially for older Chinese migrants. Membership in these associations can be based on members sharing a common Chinese surname or belonging to a common clan, spoken Chinese dialect, specific village, region or country of origin, and so on. Many have their own facilities.
Some examples include San Francisco's prominent Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (中華總會館), aka Chinese Six Companies, and Los Angeles' Southern California Teochew Association. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association is among the largest umbrella groups of benevolent associations in the North America, which branches in several Chinatowns. Politically, the CCBA has traditionally been aligned with the Kuomintang and the Republic of China.
The London Chinatown Chinese Association is active in Chinatown, London. Paris has an institution in the Association des Résidents en France d'origine indochinoise and it servicing overseas Chinese immigrants in Paris who were born in the former French Indochina.
Traditionally, Chinatown-based associations have also been aligned on ethnic Chinese business interests, such as restaurant, grocery, and laundry (antiquated) associations in Chinatowns in North America. In Chicago's Chinatown, the On Leong Merchants Association was active.
[edit] Annual events in Chinatown
Most Chinatowns present Chinese New Year (also known as Lunar New Year) festivities with dragon and lion dances accompanied by the rhythm of clashing of cymbals, clanging on a gong, clapping of hardwood clappers, by pounding of drums, and by loud Chinese firecrackers, set off especially in front of ethnic Chinese storefronts, where the "lion" character attempts to reach for a lettuce or catch an orange. The lion typically contains two performers and performances may involves several stunts. In return, storekeepers usually donate some money to the performers, some of whom belong to local martial arts affiliations.
In addition, Chinatowns close off some streets for parades, Chinese acrobatics and martial-arts demonstrations, street festivals, and carnival rides—this is dependent on the promoters or organizers of the events. Other festivals may also be held in a parking lot/car park, local park, or school grounds within Chinatown.
Some Chinatowns hold an annual "Miss Chinatown" beauty pageant, such as "Miss Chinatown San Francisco," "Miss Chinatown Hawaii," "Miss Chinatown Houston" or "Miss Chinatown Atlanta."
[edit] Dragon and lion dances
Dragon and lion dances are performed in Chinatown every Chinese New Year, particularly to scare off evil spirits and bring good fortune to the community. They are also performed to celebrate a grand opening of a new Chinatown business, such as a restaurant or bank.
Ironically, many lion and dragon dances are considered more preserved in true form in Chinatowns than in China itself. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that traditional Chinese customs, including lion and dragon dances, were unable to flourish during the political and social instabilities of Imperial China under rule of the Qing Dynasty and were almost eliminated completely under the communist order of the People's Republic of China under Chairman Mao Zedong. However, due to the migration of Chinese all over the world (particularly Southeast Asia), the dances were continually practiced by overseas Chinese and performed in Chinatowns.
Ceremonial wreaths and leafy green plants with red-coloured ribbons strewn across are also usually placed in front of new Chinatown businesses by well-wishers (particularly family members, wholesalers, community organizations, and so on), to assure future success.
[edit] Names for Chinatowns
In Chinese, Chinatown is usually called "唐人街", in Cantonese Tong yan gai, in Mandarin Tángrénjiē, in Hakka Tong ngin gai, and in Toisan Hong ngin gai, literally meaning "Tang people's street(s)". The Tang Dynasty was a zenith of the Chinese civilization, after which some Chinese—especially in the South—call themselves. Some Chinatowns are indeed just one single street, such as the relatively short Fisgard Street in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada or the sprawling 4-mile (6.4 km) new Chinatown in Houston, Texas. However, most Chinatown are in fact multiple intersecting streets.
A more modern Chinese name is 華埠 (Cantonese: Waa Fau, Mandarin: Huábù) meaning "Chinese City", used in the semi-official Chinese translations of some cities' documents and signs. Bù, pronounced sometimes in Mandarin as fù, usually means seaport; but in this sense, it means city or town. Likewise, Tong yan fau (唐人埠 "Tang people's town") is also used in Cantonese nowadays. The literal word-for-word translation of Chinatown—Zhōngguó Chéng (中國城) is also used, but more frequently by visiting Chinese nationals rather than immigrants of Chinese descent who live in the Chinatowns.
In Francophone regions (such as France and Quebec), Chinatown is often referred to as le quartier chinois (the Chinese Quarter; plural: les quartiers chinois) and the Spanish-language term is usually el barrio chino (the Chinese neighborhood; plural: los barrios chinos), used in Spain and Latin America. (However, barrio chino or its Catalan cognate barri xines do not always refer to a Chinese neighborhood: these are also common terms for a disreputable district with drugs and prostitution, and often no connection to the Chinese.). The Vietnamese term for Chinatown is Khu người Hoa, due to the prevalence of the Vietnamese language in Chinatowns of Paris, Los Angeles, Toronto, and Montreal as ethic Chinese from Vietnam have set up shop in them. Other countries also have idiosyncratic names for Chinatown in local languages and in Chinese; however, some local terms may not necessarily translate as Chinatown. For example, Singapore's tourist-centric Chinatown is called in local Singaporean Mandarin Niúchēshǔi (牛车水), which literally means "Ox-cart water" from the Malay 'Kreta Ayer' in reference to the water carts that used to ply the area. Some languages have adopted the English-language term, such as Dutch, German, and Bahasa Malaysia. In Malaysia, the term Chinatown is named under administrative reason. Instead, the name Chee Chong Kai (茨厂街）is preferred and agreed upon by the locals. Chee in Hakka means tapioca, chong means factory and kai means street. This is originated from a factory that was set up by Yap Ah Loy, a rich Kapitan (a Chinese immigrant who had administrative and political power under the British rule) that made tapioca. Chee Chong Kai is also called jalan Petaling or "Petaling Street".
Several alternate English names for Chinatown include China Town (generally used in British and Australian English), The Chinese District, Chinese Quarter and China Alley (an antiquated term used primarily in several rural towns in the western United States for a Chinese community; some of these are now historical sites). In the case of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, China Alley was a parallel commercial street adjacent to the town's Main Street, enjoying a view over the river valley adjacent and also over the main residential part of Chinatown, which was largely of adobe construction. All traces of Chinatown and China Alley there have disappeared, despite a once large and prosperous community.
[edit] See also
Ethnic enclave Big Trouble in Little China List of Chinatowns Thai Town Japantown Little India Little Pakistan Little Taipei Little Saigon Koreatown Overseas Chinese Chinatown bus List of U.S. cities with large Chinese American populations List of cities with large Chinese Canadian populations List of named ethnic enclaves in North American cities Jack Manion San Francisco's Chinatown squad Europe Street, a street in China dedicated to European culture [edit] References
Sons of the Ugly Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora (1994) by Lynn Pan. Book with detailed histories of Chinese diaspora communities (Chinatowns) from San Francisco, Honolulu, Bangkok, Manila, Johannesburg, Sydney, London, Lima, etc. Chew, James R. "Boyhood Days in Winnemucca, 1901–1910." Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 1998 41(3): 206–209. ISSN 0047-9462 Oral history (1981) describes the Chinatown of Winnemucca, Nevada, during 1901–10. Though many Chinese left Winnemucca after the Central Pacific Railroad was completed in 1869, around four hundred Chinese had formed a community in the town by the 1890s. Among the prominent buildings was the Joss House, a place of worship and celebration that was visited by Chinese president Sun Yat-Sen in 1911. Beyond describing the physical layout of the Chinatown, the author recalls some of the commercial and gambling activities in the community. "Chinatown: Conflicting Images, Contested Terrain", K. Scott Wong, Melus (Vol. 20, Issue 1), 1995. Scholarly work discussing the negative perceptions and imagery of old Chinatowns. Daniel Williams, "Chinatown Is a Hard Sell in Italy", Washington Post Foreign Service, March 1, 2004; Page A11. [edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chinatown Chinatown Paris France India's only ChinaTown Chinatowns of the World – slideshow by Life magazine Chinatown San Francisco Historical Photos of American Chinatowns Chinatownology: Singapore Chinatown Chinese New Year Parade and Festivals A Journey through Chinatown New York City's 3 Chinatowns. A short film about New York City's Chinatown, 5 lessons and 9 questions about Chinatown The Museum of Chinese in America Yamashita's Web Site—Pictures of Chinatowns Asian-Nation: Ethnic Enclaves & Communities Boston's Chinatown Chinatown Belarus
Buenos Aires (See Belgrano Chinatown) [edit] Australia
[edit] New South Wales
Emmaville - historic tin mining community Gulgong - historic Lambing Flat (Young) - historic Sydney (See Chinatown, Sydney) Tambaroora - historic Tingha - historic tin mining community [edit] Northern Territory
Brocks Creek Darwin - defunct, was on Cavenagh Street. A new modern Chinatown to be built in Darwin CBD. Pine Creek - historic goldfield Chinatown
[edit] Queensland
Atherton - historic, the Hou Waing Temple is preserved Brisbane (see Chinatown, Brisbane) Sunnybank - Mains Road; Taiwanese Chinese Cooktown - historical Chinatown, was dubbed Little Canton during the 1800s [edit] South Australia
Adelaide (see Chinatown, Adelaide) [edit] Victoria
Ballarat - historic Beechworth - historic Bendigo - historic Melbourne (see Chinatown, Melbourne) [edit] Western Australia
Perth (see Chinatown, Perth) [edit] Belgium
Antwerp - Van Wesenbekestraat Brussels - rue Saint Géry [edit] Canada
[edit] Alberta
Calgary - Downtown East Village (Chinatown, Calgary) Centre Street N, south of 16th Avenue N, and East of Centre Street north at 2nd and 3rd avenues. Originally a handful of Chinese businesses, now an ethnic theme park-cum-mall Edmonton - 95th Street between 102nd and Jasper Avenues; old Chinatown was located at 97th Street, between 105th and 108th Avenues and moved following re-development of the Edmonton LRT line. Edmonton also has a Chinese market including a gate and other Chinese architecture in the West Edmonton Mall. Lethbridge - 3rd Street and 2nd Avenue (Chinatown, Lethbridge) [edit] British Columbia
Nanaimo - Machleary Street, Pine Street (remnants burned to ground in 1960s) Victoria - Fisgard Street, Oldest in Canada Greater Vancouver New Westminster's Chinatown - framed by the triangle of Marine Drive, 8th & Columbia, known as "the Swamp", destroyed in the city's Great Fire, 1898, and not rebuilt or resettled.[1] Richmond - Richmond's historical Chinatown was in predominantly-Japanese Steveston.[citation needed] Mission, Following the Great Flood of 1894, which devastated the Lower Mainland and the original downtown of Mission City, Chinese merchants and residents took over the town's original downtown on Horne Avenue, flourishing until destroyed by fire in the 1920s.[2] Vancouver - Historic Chinatown, focussedd on Pender, Keefer, Gore and Main Streets (Chinatown, Vancouver) Historical Chinatowns elsewhere in BC. Lillooet[3] - Lillooet had the BC Interior's first Chinatown Barkerville[4][5] Yale[6][7] Cumberland's Chinatown - once the second-largest on the West Coast of North America (c.1910), founded as a protected camp for Chinese strike-breakers by the Dunsmuir coal empire.[8][9] Wellington's Chinatown - Dunsmuir's first mines in the town of Wellington employed hundreds of Chinese workers in the 1870s-1890s. The old Chinatown was located at Jingle Pot Road and Old Slope Road in the Wellington neighbourhood of Nanaimo, and has reverted to forest with numerous potholes where treasure seekers have excavated for Chinese artifacts. Keefer's[10] Penticton - Penticton's Chinatown, known as Shanghai Alley, was in the northeast area of downtown. A monumental pillar marks its former location today.[11] Kelowna - Kelowna's Chinatown was east of Abbot Street, between Harvey and Leon Avenues. At the turn of the 20th Century, 15% of Kelowna's population was Chinese.[12] Quesnel - Quesnel's Chinatown, with roots in the city's founding, was in the area of Front and Carlson Streets and was destroyed by fire in 1925.[13] Vernon[14] Ashcroft[15][16] Armstrong[17] Keremeos[18] Towns notable for their historical Chinese populations, though not necessarily separate Chinatowns, and in some cases predominantly Chinese for many years, include Hazelton, Granite Creek (Princeton/Coalmont area), Fairview, Antler Creek, Richfield, Circle City (on Dease Lake), Rock Creek and many others. [edit] Manitoba
Chinatown, Winnipeg - King Street between James and Higgins Avenues [edit] Ontario
Chinatown, Ottawa - Somerset Street between Preston and Bay. Greater Toronto Area Chinatown, Toronto located on Spadina Avenue, between College Street and Queen Street Chinatown East, also known as East Chinatown is found at Broadview & Gerrard. [edit] Quebec
Montreal Main article: Chinatown, Montreal - Boulevard Saint-Laurent between Viger and René-Lévesque, and La Gauchetière between Saint-Dominique and the Palais des Congrès [edit] Saskatchewan
Saskatoon - originally on 19th Street Moose Jaw (historic) [edit] Cuba
Havana, Cuba - Barrio Chino, includes many Chinese restaurants and Cuban-Chinese friendship societies [edit] Dominican Republic
Jakarta - Jalan Gajah Mada Medan Semarang Singkawang Pontianak Ketapang - Delta Pawan Surabaya - Jalan Kembang Jepun
[edit] Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur - Petaling Street (see Chinatown, Kuala Lumpur) George Town, Penang- A Chinese-majority city. [edit] Mauritius
Port Louis - Rue Royale) [edit] Mexico
Mexicali (La Chinesca) Mexico City [edit] Myanmar (Burma)
Yangon (Rangoon) [edit] Nauru
Aiwo District [edit] Netherlands
Amsterdam Rotterdam The Hague [edit] Panama
Panama City [edit] Peru
Lima [edit] Philippines
Manila - Ongpin Street, see Binondo (Known as oldest Chinatown established 1521) Manila Bay - Neo Chinatown Davao City - Uyanguren Street, includes a night market patterned after those in Hong Kong Quezon City - Banawe Street, Most of the Filipino Chinese owns Automotive Shops and Car Accessories in the Area. Chinese Restaurants are also Located along Banawe St, and One of the Restaurant is Ma Mon Luk's Restaurant is Located at the Corner of Banawe St. and Quezon Avenue. [edit] Portugal
Varziela Chinatown in Vila do Conde - Portuguese Chinatown.[19] Entroncamento City of Chinese
[edit] Serbia
Belgrade - Blok 70 is known as "the Chinese quarter" [edit] Singapore
Singapore (see Chinatown, Singapore) [edit] South Africa
Johannesburg Derrick Street, Cyrildene and also in and around Bruma. There are approximately 30 restaurants offering food from various areas in China and Taiwan. There are also lots of shops/supermarkets and street vendors selling fresh vegetables, seafood and street food. Commissioner Street, CBD. This was Johannesburg's original Chinatown until it moved to Cyrildene in the 1990s. There are a few restaurants and a supermarket still here.
[edit] Thailand
Bangkok (See Yaowarat Road) Santikhiri Chiang Mai (See Chinatown, Chiang Mai) Phuket (See Thalang Road) [edit] United Arab Emirates
Dubai (See Dubai Chinatown) [edit] United Kingdom
Birmingham (See Chinatown, Birmingham) Liverpool (See Chinatown, Liverpool) London (See Chinatown, London) Croydon - China Town Mall Manchester (See Chinatown, Manchester) Newcastle upon Tyne (See Chinatown, Newcastle) Leeds Sheffield Belfast - Donegall Pass Edinburgh Glasgow [edit] United States
Main article: List of Chinatowns in the United States
[edit] Venezuela
Caracas has a Chinatown. It's the only Chinatown in the country despite the large Chinese population. [edit] Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City (see Cholon) [edit] See also
Chinatowns List of named ethnic enclaves in North American cities Europe Street, a street in China dedicated to the European culture
[edit] References
Paris Chinatown France ^ New Westminster Museum and Archives Chinatown Project ^ http://www.mission.museum.bc.ca/ From public display at the Mission Museum] ^ Lillooet's Chinatown ^ Barkerville's Chinatown - although ostensibly about Barkerville per se, content here is all Chinese-related. ^ Map of Barkerville, explaining location and circumstances of Chinatown ^ Yale's Chinatown - the first Chinatown on the BC Mainland ^ Yale's On Lee House - a surviving structure of Yale's Chinatown ^ Cumberland's Chinese Strikebreakers, from Digital Collections "King Coal" series ^ Picture of Cumberland's Chinatown, 1910 ^ Chinatown at Keefer's, Fraser Canyon CPR Construction 1880s ^ Living Landscapes website: III. THE CHINESE: Early 1900s - 1930s ^ Kelowna's Chinatown and North End to get recognition, BC Local News, October 5, 2010 ^ 283 Barlow St - Hoy House, Quesnel Museum PDF ^ Living Landscapes website: III. THE CHINESE: Early 1900s - 1930s ^ Ash-Tree Press website ^ Folkore.bc.ca site, "Ghosts" page, quoting Ashcroft Journal, December 22, 1900 ^ Living Landscapes website: III. THE CHINESE: Early 1900s - 1930s ^ Living Landscapes website: III. THE CHINESE: Early 1900s - 1930s ^ Correio da Manhã
List of Chinatowns in the United States / 美國粵僑社區 / 美國唐人街
[edit] Arizona
Jerome - There was a small Chinatown in the 1870s[1] Phoenix - Chinese immigrants working as railroad workers established the first Chinatown in downtown Phoenix at First and Adams Street in the present location of US Airways Arena. All building have been torn down except for the Sun Mercantile Building.[2] Prescott - Granite Street, between Goodwin and Gurley Street was the location of a Chinatown and more than 200 Chinese during late 19th and early 20th century. The area was razed in 1934 in order to make room for new construction.[3] Tucson - A Chinatown began to form in Tucson after the railroad arrived in 1880. Tucson's Chinese population was very small and never exceeded 2% of the cities population. It's remaining and partly abandoned structures were demolished in 1968. However, in 1968 researchers discovered a complex called the "Ying On compound" still contained a group of working class elderly Chinese men.[4]
[edit] California
As the first part of North America to see immigration by Chinese people, many towns in California have historic Chinatowns, some of them surviving today, while various rural communities were Chinatowns in and of themselves.
Bakersfield - Historical Chinatown located on 19th, 20th, and 21st Streets, and on L and M Streets.[5] Calico Ghost Town had its own Chinatown.[6] Chinatown, Amador County, California - former settlement in Amador County Chinatown, Mono County, California - community in Mono County Chinese Camp - Highway 49, old gold mining town of early Chinese residents and shops near Yosemite National Park Eureka - ordered demolished after tong war in 1886 Fiddletown - historic mining community which was populated by up to 5000 Chinese. The Chinese medicine store Chew Kee Store operates today as a museum Fresno - defunct, but there are efforts to revitalize it[7] Hanford - China Alley, between Green Street and White Street (Chinese buildings still standing, but not particularly culturally active) Los Angeles - Broadway, Spring Street. Marysville Nevada City - defunct, but a cemetery remains North San Juan Truckee - defunct, only one building remains [8] Newcastle - historic Chinatown [9] Oakland - Broadway, 7th Street, Harrison Avenue, 10th Street Riverside - Brockton and Tequesquite (historic site - National Register of Historic Places) Richmond's Pacific East Mall anchors the adjacent EL Cerrito area known as "Little Taipei". Sacramento - 3rd, 5th, J, and I Streets Isleton - includes the preserved historic Bing Kung Tong Building Locke - rural town including Locke Historic District - National Register of Historic Places Walnut Grove Salinas - defunct, soledad Street, Bing Kong Tong Chinese Free Masons building remains but the area is nowadays a decrepit skid row San Diego - historic Market and K Streets, 2nd and 5th Avenues near the Gaslamp Quarter, re-themed as the Asian Pacific Thematic Historic District
San Francisco (See Chinatown, San Francisco.) San Jose - defunct "Chinatown" on Market Street (Source: http://marketstreet.stanford.edu/), though a historical sign exists near the Fairmont Hotel that says the Chinatown was burned down by arson back around the 1960s. San Luis Obispo - Palm Street, a collection of closed restaurants and the historic Ah Louis store remain. Stockton - Washington Street and Chung Wah Lane, vastly diminished since the 1960s but several Chinese facilities are still fairly active on two blocks (including a Chinese restaurant in operation since the 1890s) Weaverville - a gold mining-era town that had a Chinatown but burned down in 1906. The remaining Taoist joss house is on the National Register of Historic Places [edit] Colorado
Denver - along Federal Blvd. and Alameda Avenue [edit] District of Columbia
Washington - Chinatown (Washington, D.C.) [edit] Florida
Miami - NE 167th Street and 163rd Street, between NE 6th Avenue and NE 19th Avenue[10] Orlando - State Route 50, on both sides of I-4 (mix of Chinese and Vietnamese) [edit] Georgia
Chamblee/Doraville - New Peachtree Road area [5] [edit] Hawaii
Main article: Chinatown, Honolulu Honolulu[11] - Beretania Street, Maunakea Street [edit] Idaho
Boise - founded in 1901 and lasted until 1970s, formerly on 8th Street and Front Street [edit] Illinois
Main article: Chinatown, Chicago Chicago - Along Wentworth at Cermak.[12] [edit] Maryland
Baltimore - Park Avenue, between Saratoga and Mulberry Streets. [edit] Massachusetts
Boston - Kneeland Street Chinatown (Boston) [edit] Michigan
Detroit (historic): Detroit's first Chinatown, the historic "Old Chinatown," was originally located on Third Avenue between Michigan and Bagley. Increasing in size and population between the 1920s and 1950s, "Old Chinatown" was eventually condemned for a "slum clearance" project that ultimately resulted in the construction of the John C. Lodge Freeway in 1959. In the early 1960s, residents and business owners of the Chinese American community relocated to the Cass Corridor, where "New Chinatown" was unveiled as Detroit's new ethnic and commercial district. Throughout the 1970s and 80s, high crime and unemployment rates rocked the city, leading many residents of "New Chinatown" to fear for their safety. Both the shooting of Tommie Lee at Bow Wah's Restaurant in 1976 and the killing of Vincent Chin in 1982 lead many Chinese Americans who lived in the city to move their families and businesses to the surrounding suburbs. Today, the Association of Chinese Americans' Detroit Drop-in Service Center still operates at Peterboro and Cass, providing social and welfare services to a small community of elderly Chinese immigrants who live nearby.[13] The hallmark Cantonese restaurant, Chung's, closed its doors in 2004. Madison Heights: Just north of Detroit in Madison Heights, there is a small but present strip of East Asian commercial outlets along John R. Road, which include restaurants and retail managed by individuals of Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, and Filipino descent. Also located in Madison Heights is the Association of Chinese Americans' Chinese Community Center. Although the Chinese American population of Southeast Michigan is comparatively smaller than other American cities, the Detroit chapter of the ACA is the only branch of the Organization of Chinese Americans to have a fully operational community center, as well as two satellite service centers.[13] [edit] Minnesota
Nicollet Ave in Minneapolis does have a large number of Chinese and Vietnamese restaurants, especially between W 24th and W 28th Streets. This area in the urban area of the Whittier neighbourhood has been Asian-influenced since the 1970s. [edit] Missouri
Chinatown, St. Louis - original Downtown St. Louis Chinatown destroyed in early 1960s; recent efforts to establish new Chinatown in University City, Missouri have not succeeded [edit] Montana
Butte - has a defunct Chinatown.[14] [edit] Nebraska
Omaha, Nebraska - defunct, vicinity of 12th and Douglas Streets with the On Leong Tong based at 111 North 12th. King Fong's Cantonese at 315 South 16th Street was opened in 1921 by Gin Ah Chin with elaborate furnishings imported from Hong Kong. (Source: E Pluribus Omaha: Immigrants All by Harry Otis and Donald Erickson, 2000) [edit] Nevada
Main article: Chinatown, Las Vegas Las Vegas - Asian commercial plazas along Spring Mountain Road Virginia City- a historic Chinatown which had a Chinese population of over 1500 in the 1870s.[15][16] [edit] New Jersey
Edison Chinatown, Newark a small Chinatown that grew to its largest in the 1920s and no longer exists today Pleasantville - new one started on Black Horse Pike, near Atlantic City [edit] New York
New York City has now become the largest magnet for immigration from Mainland China and has become highly diverse, with Fujianese, Wenzhounese, Shanghainese, Cantonese, Taiwanese, Dongbei, and various other types of Chinese people:
Lower Manhattan - Main articles: Chinatown, Manhattan and Manhattan's Little Fuzhou (小福州)
Flushing, Queens - Main article: Chinatown, Flushing Elmhurst, Queens - previously a small area with Chinese shops on Broadway between 81st Street and Cornish Avenue, Queens' second Chinatown has now expanded to 45th Avenue and Whitney Avenue.[17] Sunset Park, Brooklyn - Main article: Chinatown, Brooklyn Homecrest, Brooklyn - Avenue U - southern Brooklyn's second Chinatown. Bensonhurst, Brooklyn - below the D-line elevated subway along on 86th Street between 18th Avenue and Stillwell Avenue has emerged southern Brooklyn's third Chinatown. [edit] North Carolina
Charlotte - Central Avenue (near Briar Creek Rd.) is the original "Chinatown" consisting of "Saigon Square" and a pair of other Chinese shopping plazas that include "Dim Sum Restaurant" (which serves New York styled dim sum), the "Eang Hong Supermarket", "Van Loi" (which serves cha shao), and a dozen or so other stores. Saigon Square has various Vietnamese (albeit not Chinese) stores including Pho Hoa (Vietnamese noodles). Asian Corner Mall on North Tryon Street and Sugar Creek Road, developed from the defunct Tryon Mall in 1999, with "Dragon Court Restaurant", "Hong Kong BBQ", "International Supermarket", and "New Century Market" and several other Chinese/Vietnamese stores. [edit] Ohio
Main article: Asia District Oklahoma City - roughly along N. Classen Blvd from N. 22nd Street to N. West 36th Old Chinatown, Downtown - In the first half of the 20th century, hundreds of Chinese immigrants lived in an historic "underground Chinatown" beneath what is now the Cox Convention Center. The chambers were rediscovered, long-abandoned, in 1969.[18] [edit] Oregon
Main article: Old Town Chinatown, Portland, Oregon Portland (See Chinatown, Portland) Jacksonville - has a defunct Chinatown (oldest in Oregon) John Day - late 19th century [edit] Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh - Defunct old Chinatown around Blvd of the Allies and Grant St One Chinese restaurant, Chinatown Inn, still exists from the original Chinatown in two of its original buildings. Original tenants in the old original Pittsburgh Chinatown, all of which are gone today, included[19][20]: Wing Hong Chinese Co., 519 Second Ave Hop Ching Wing, at 527 Second Ave Quong Yuen Lee Co., 505 Second Ave Quong Chong Shing, 511 Second Ave Sun Wing Sing Co, 507 Second Ave Quong Wah Hai Co., 314 Second Ave Lee Jan Fueng, 521 Second Ave Harrisburg - Cameron Street [edit] South Dakota
Deadwood [edit] Tennessee
Memphis - Summer Avenue (east) near I-240 [edit] Texas
Houston - Chartres Street in East Downtown, and Chinatown at Bellaire Boulevard and Beltway 8. Dallas-Fort Worth Richardson - Greenville Avenue Garland - Walnut Street Austin - prefabricated Chinatown Center on Lamar Boulevard, billed as Austin's "Chinatown" (new as of 2006)[21] [edit] Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah - defunct one on Plum Alley [edit] Virginia
Alexandria, Virginia - A "satellite" of the Washington, DC Chinatown. [edit] Washington
Olympia - 5th Avenue and Water Street, defunct by the 1940s, this Chinatown was founded by the Lok family from Taishan in Guangdong, China. (Washington Governor Gary Locke is a descendant) Seattle (See International District, Seattle, Washington.) Kent -Chinese-themed indoor mall on East Valley Highway, Spokane - defunct by the 1940s, it was on Trent Alley in downtown Spokane but is now a parking lot today Tacoma - defunct, burned down in 1885 (see Lincoln International District.) [edit] See also
Ethnic enclave Chinatowns List of Chinatowns List of named ethnic enclaves in North American cities Europe Street, a street in China dedicated to the European culture
[edit] References
Paris Chinatown France Chinatown San Francisco ^ Chinese Immigration into Arizona Territory ^ Row over Chinatown landmark stirs memories ^ The History of Prescott's Chinatown ^ The Chinese of Early Tucson. Historic Archaeology from the Tucson Urban Renewal Project. Florence C. Liester and Robert H. Lister. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1989. x, 129 pp ^ [1] ^ Calico Ghost Town and Regional Park ^ Fresno's Chinatown website ^ Sierra Sun article ^ [2] ^ http://pandagator.info/blog/?p=188 ^ Chinatown, Honolulu website ^ Chicago Chinatown website ^ a b Association of Chinese Americans, (ACA), Inc. (Accessed 26 December 2009). ^ [3] ^ Virginia City and Gold Hill website ^ Virginia City Chinatown ^ "A Growing Chinatown in Elmhurst". http://queens.about.com/od/photogalleri ... atown-.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-01. ^ [4] ^ "Inn to the past: Downtown Cantonese restaurant points back to city's vanished Chinatown". http://www.pittsburghpostgazette.com/li ... 1209p1.asp. ^ "Where is Pittsburgh's China Town?". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=ht ... 6+00:36:28. ^ Austin's Chinatown website
The Tang dynasty of imperial China. The term (Chinese: 唐人; pinyin: Tángrén), Tang Chinese or Tang People, that many southern Chinese, mainly the Cantonese (Tong Yan), Min Nan (Teng Lang) and Hakka people (Tong Ngin), use to refer to the Han Chinese ethnic group. It is in essence, another word for Han Chinese. Since the Han Dynasty and Tang dynasties are considered to be the high points of Chinese civilization, the Chinese would refer to themselves as either Han or Tang. Southern China for the first time in China's history flourished under the Tang Dynasty and so many Southern Chinese call themselves Tang people. The term is frequently used to refer to Chinese people living outside China, since the Chinese Diaspora are mainly from Southern China. An example is Chinatown, Chinatown exists in cities all over the world where the Chinese Diaspora have made large settlements in the past. In Chinese, Chinatown is called Chinese: 唐人街; pinyin: Tángrén Jiē, literally "Street of the Tang People".
Kongsi / Cantonese Consolidated Benevolent Association / 粵僑會館
The headquarters of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in San Francisco (a.k.a. Chinese Six Companies) is located on Stockton Street, directly across from the Kuomintang headquarters. Due to its traditional association with the KMT, the flag of the Republic of China continues to fly atop the building.
The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (Chinese: 中華會館 in the West and Midwest; 中華公所 in the East) is a historical Chinese Association established in various parts of the United States with large populations of Chinese. It is also known by other names such as Chong Wa Benevolent Association in Seattle, Washington and United Chinese Society in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Contents
[hide] 1 San Francisco 2 New York City 3 Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of New England 4 Seattle 5 Branches 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links [edit] San Francisco
This section requires expansion. Chinese Six Companies (Chinese: 六大公司) refers only to the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in San Francisco, California.[1]
Early officers of San Francisco's Six Companies in traditional dress, with riding jackets over changshan. The Six original Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Associations in San Francisco were already operating as separate entities with some degree of mutual coordination[2] before the first Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association was formally established in 1882.[3] At the time, San Francisco had the U.S.'s largest Chinese population.[4]
The Six Companies consisted of the six most important Chinese district associations of California at that time: the Sam Yup Company, Yeong Wo Company, Kong Chow Company, Ning Yung Company, Hop Wo Company, and Yan Wo Company.[5] Among their early efforts, they attempted to deter prostitution in the Chinese community, to encourage Chinese immigrants to lead moral lives, and to discourage what they described as excessive continuing Chinese immigration creating hostility toward Chinese already in America.[6] In 1875, they endorsed the position that continued Chinese immigration was resulting in a general lowering of wages, both for whites and for Chinese already in America.[7]
[edit] New York City
This section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (October 2007) In New York City, the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association was established in 1883.[8]
The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA) is the oldest community organization in New York's Chinatown. The parent organization of the Chinese Community Center, the CCBA was founded in 1883 and has represented and served the needs of Chinese Americans in New York City ever since. Historically it has performed a quasi-governmental role in the Chinese community. Throughout its history, business ownership has been a goal of many residents of Chinatown, and has been supported both financially, and through training, by the CCBA. Today there are local CCBA agencies in 26 cities with substantial Chinese populations across North America.
Currently, the CCBA represents the Chinese Americans living in the Greater New York Metro area. Internally, the CCBA is the hinge that keeps the Chinese American community intact and vigorous. Specifically, the CCBA:
Provides social services Provides personal and commercial conflict resolution and mediations Promotes Chinese traditions and cultural heritage Serves as a bridge between Chinese American immigrants and the main stream groups Promotes Chinese American interests Engages in charitable activities Sponsors educational and recreational activities Sponsors and promotes youth services Provides and advocates for small businesses In New York City, the CCBA is an umbrella organization of 60 member organizations representing a cross-section of New York’s Chinese community. They include professional and trade organizations such as the Chinese Chamber of Commerce and the Chinese American Restaurant Association; civic organizations such as the American Legion, Lt. Lam Lau Post; religious, cultural and women’s organizations; fellow-provincial organization such as the Hoy Sun Ning Yung Association and the Lin Sing Association; and family organizations such as the Lee, Eng, and Chan Family Association.
CCBA spearheaded the move to form the Chinese Voters Federation in May 2004 to encourage qualified Chinese American citizens to register and vote in the 2004 Presidential election, a community-wide effort that produced an increase of 24.2% in the number of Chinese American voters in Chinatown. It strongly supported the formation of the Chinatown Partnership Local Development Corporation, the Asian Job Service Employer Committee and the Greater New York Chinese Community Dollars for Scholars program, all of which benefit the Chinese communities in many important ways.
Immediately following the earthquake and tsunami disasters in south Asia, CCBA led an emergency community-wide campaign to raise much-needed funds for the victims, a drive that raised more than $500,000 for the American Red Cross Emergency Response Fund. In September 2005, right after the Hurricane Katrina disaster, CCBA and Sing Tao Daily joined together and raised $170,000 for the victims.
Recently, CCBA solidified the relations with different City departments and agencies to solve many on-going problems in Chinatown, including insufficient parking spaces, illegal enforcement of parking regulations, confusing sanitation enforcement regulations, etc. Working closely with the NYPD, the NYPD community affairs bureau now hosts monthly seminars on different safety topics at the CCBA. Its efforts have resulted in the establishment of a direct channel to the government without language barriers.
The CCBA also works with many mainstream organizations to provide services to the Chinese American community, such as the Visiting Nurse Service of New York and the American Cancer Society. In December 2006, CCBA and the American Red Cross of Greater New York signed a Memorandum of Understanding to coordinate programs in Chinatown that will help prepare and train the Chinese community for any kind of emergency.
The CCBA fulfills its functions by working closely with local businesses and residents as well as by maintaining close contact with Chinese American organizations located throughout North America and integration into the mainstream of American society.
[edit] Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of New England
The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of New England, popularly known as CCBA, is a tax-exempt organization establish in 1923. Currently with 35 members consisting of family associations and community organizations, CCBA serves as the umbrella organization for the Chinese communities of New England. Originally located at 14 Oxford Street, it relocated to its current address at 90 Tyler Street in the 1980s when the City of Boston sold the building that was the Quincy Elementary School to CCBA for one dollar.
A president, an English secretary, a Chinese secretary, a treasurer, and an auditor complete the executive board of directors who manage the daily affairs of CCBA with the help of several office workers. Unlike the 43 members of the board of directors who are delegate representatives from member organizations, the 5 members of the executive board is elected by the board of directors biennially.
To fulfill our mission and pledge to the constituents of the Chinese community, the CCBA building is a community center where programs are held to benefit people across the ages. The building comes alive each afternoon as grade school age children and teens from low income families arrive to participate in after school programs managed by the Phillips Brooks House through Harvard University. Three nights a week, the CCBA sponsored Ping Pong Club is in session, providing a setting for exercise and socialization for people with a passion for ping pong. A flurry of activity fills the minutes and hours each weekend as dances from China are taught to children, giving them a glimpse of their culture and a connection to their roots; adults get together to sing and perform excerpts from famous Cantonese operas; classes learn and practice the Yuanji Dance, a combination of martial arts, physical therapy, meditation, dance, and qi-gong exercises for the benefit of mind, body and soul; and the elderly boogie to the music of Saturday Night Live, the Macarena, and the Electric Slide.
CCBA is also home to two family associations, a federal credit union, Chinese and English classes, a magazine and media services group, and the well-known Chinatown Crime Watch program, where volunteers patrol the streets of Chinatown daily to provide the ever-present vigilance needed to keep crime rate at a minimum around the neighborhood.
Besides sponsoring activities, CCBA manages Tai Tung Village and Waterford Place, apartment complexes that provide the much needed affordable housing to the Chinese community. Partnering with Chinatown Main Street and other organizations, CCBA coordinates activities such as the lion dance celebration for the Lunar New Year, the annual August Moon Festival to attract visitors to Chinatown to further economic growth in Chinatown, and hosts dignitary visits to the Chinatown community. http://www.ccba-ne.org
[edit] Seattle
Chong Wa Benevolent Association, Seattle In Seattle, Washington, the Chong Wa Association was established around 1915.[9] New information however shows that it was already in existence in 1892. (see link below: Chinese in Northwest America Research Committee).
[edit] Branches
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, San Diego
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, New York
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, Chicago
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, Washington,DC The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association has several branches in the United States and Canada including in:[10]
Augusta, Georgia - Located at 548 Walker Street Bakersfield, California - Located at 2128 N Street Boston, Massachusetts - Located at 90 Tyler Street Chicago, Illinois - Located at 250 W 22nd Place Cleveland, Ohio - Located at 2154 Rockwell Avenue Denver, Colorado - Located at 1601 S Federal Boulevard Edmonton, Alberta - Located at 9645 101A Avenue NW Fresno, California - Located at 949 Waterman Avenue Honolulu, Hawaii - Located at 42 N King Street Houston, Texas - Located at 10303 Westoffice Drive Los Angeles, California - Located at 925 N Broadway Montreal, Quebec - Located at 112 La Gauchetiere W New York City, New York - Located at 62 Mott Street Oakland, California - Located at 373 9th Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - Located at 930 Race Street Portland, Oregon - Located at 315 NW Davis Street Regina, Saskatchewan - Located at 1817 Osler Street Sacramento, California - Located at 915 4th Street Salinas, California - Located at 1 California Street San Diego, California - Located at 428 3rd Avenue San Francisco, California - Located at 843 Stockton Street Seattle, Washington - Located at 522 7th Avenue S Stockton, California - Located at 212 E Lafayette Street Toronto, Ontario - Located at 84 Augusta Avenue Vancouver, British Columbia - Located at 108 E Pender Street Victoria, British Columbia - Located at 636 Fisgard Street Washington, D.C. - Located at 510 I Street NW Windsor, Ontario - Located at 436 Wyandotte Street W [edit] See also
Chinatown Chinatown, San Francisco, California Chinese Clan Association Kongsi List of Chinese American Associations [edit] Notes
^ "The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association/Huiguan System", p. 62 in Him Mark Lai, Becoming Chinese American, Rowman Altamira (2004). ISBN 0759104581. ^ "A Memorial…", p. 18–23 in [Yung et al. 2006], is an example of a document jointly issued by the Six Companies as early as 1876. ^ Delehanty ^ "A Memorial…" claims 30,000 out of 60,000 in California and 150,000 nationwide in 1876; the 1860 U.S. Census shows 63,199 nationwide; the 1870 U.S. Census shows 105,465 nationwide. ^ [Yung et al. 2006] p. 23. ^ [Yung et al. 2006] p. 20 et. seq. ^ [Yung et al. 2006] p. 25. ^ CCBA (New York) official site. ^ Chong Wa Association (Seattle) on vrseattle.com ^ The C.C.B.A. in North America [edit] References
Randolph Delehanty, Chinatown Introduction: a Tale of Four Cities, Chronicle Books, sfgate.com. Undated, accessed online 17 October 2007. Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association and Chinese Community Center, Inc (New York City), official site. Accessed online 17 October 2007. Chong Wa Association (Seattle) on vrseattle.com. Accessed online 17 October 2007. http://www.zsnews.cn/zt/zsofa/2006/07/25/581713.shtml (In Simplified Chinese) "Documents of the Chinese Six Companies Pertaining to Immigration", p. 17–25 (especially "A Memorial from Representative Chinamen in America", p. 18–23) in Judy Yung, Gordon H. Chang, and Him Mark Lai (compilers and editors), Chinese American Voices, University of California Press (2006). ISBN 0520243102. [edit] External links
Augusta Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association website Boston Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association website Chicago Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association website Los Angeles Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association website (in Chinese) New York Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association website Portland Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association website San Diego Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association website San Francisco Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association website Seattle Chong Wa Benevolent Association website Stockton Chinese Benevolent Association website Vancouver Chinese Benevolent Association website Chinese in Northwest America Research Committee
The headquarters of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in San Francisco, California Kongsi (Chinese: 公司; pinyin: gōngsī; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-si) or "clan halls", are benevolent organizations of popular origin found among overseas Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname. This type of social practice arose, it is held, several centuries ago in China. The Chinese word Kongsi is used in modern Chinese to mean a commercial "company"; the modern term for such associations is 會館 (Pinyin hui guan, literally meaning "meeting hall").
The system of kongsi was utilized by Chinese throughout the diaspora to overcome economic difficulty, social ostracism, and oppression. In today's overseas Chinese communities throughout the world, this approach has been adapted to the modern environment, including political and legal factors. The kongsi is similar to modern business partnerships, but also draws on a deeper spirit of cooperation and consideration of mutual welfare.
It has been stated by some that the development and thriving of Chinese communities worldwide are the direct result of the kongsi concept. A vast number of Chinese-run firms and businesses were born as kongsi ended up as multinational conglomerates. In the Chinese spirit, derived in large part from Confucian ideals, these kongsi members or their descendants prefer not to boast so much of their wealth but to take pride in earning worldly and financial success through their work ethic and the combined efforts of many individuals devoted to group welfare.
Among the largest Kongsi was the Lanfang Kongsi, which organised the mostly Hakka Chinese miners who had settled in western Borneo and established a republic, the Lanfang Republic, in what is now the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan.[1]
Picture of a Cantonese districts Association & Temple in Penang, Malaysia.
Picture of Teochew Clan Association of Muar, Johor, Malaysia. Contents
[hide] 1 Clan associations In Singapore 1.1 Hainanese Clans 1.2 Hakka clan Associations 1.3 Hokkien clan Associations 1.4 Foochow clan Associations 1.5 Teochew clan Associations 1.6 Surname clan Associations 2 List of Clan associations In Malaysia 2.1 Guangdong clan associations 2.2 Hakka clan associations 2.3 Tseng Lung clan associations 2.4 Hokkien clan associations 2.5 Hainan clan associations 2.6 Surname clan associations 3 Clan associations In the Philippines 3.1 Surname Family clan Associations 3.2 Hokkien clan associations 4 See also 5 External links 6 See also 7 References [edit] Clan associations In Singapore
Singapore Federation of Chinese Clan Associations Overseas Hong Ann Villagers' Association, 30 Lor 24A Geylang Singapore Hui Ann Association (新加坡惠安公会), No. 7, Lorong 29 Geylang Singapore 388063 [edit] Hainanese Clans
There are several Hainanese clans, all separated by their surnames. Hainan Tan Clan Association, 12 Seah Road (Opposite Raffles hotel)
Many others unverified [edit] Hakka clan Associations
Foong Shoon Fui Kuan Eng-Teng Association, 132, NEIL Road Nanyang Khek Community Guild, 20 Peck Seah St Char Yong Association & Hui Choon Free Hospital Char Yong (Dabu) Association, 29, Lorong 22, Geylang Char Yang Lee Chee Association, 50-B, Lorong 8, Geylang Ying Fo Fui Kun Singapore Yan Ling Ke Shu Wu Clan Association [edit] Hokkien clan Associations
Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan, 137 Telok Ayer Street The Singapore Tung Ann District Guild, 141 Cecil Street Singapore Lam Ann Association, 30 Mohammed Sultan Road [edit] Foochow clan Associations
Singapore Foochow Association [edit] Teochew clan Associations
Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan Ngee Ann Kongsi Chung-Lim Community Oversea Association http://www.chung-lim.org.sg/ [edit] Surname clan Associations
Ong Clan General Association, 40 Lorong 24A Geylang Ouyang Association, 466 Lorong 3 Geylang Nanyang Chao Clan Association Nanyang Chee Clan Association Nanyang Chew Clan Association Nanyang Fan Clan General Association Nanyang Fang Shee Association Nanyang Huang Shin Chung Huay Nanyang Hwu Clan General Association Nanyang Kang Clan Guild Nanyang Kee Hsian Chin Sih Association Nanyang Kuah Si Association Singapore Chan Khoo Kong Huay (新加坡曾邱公会), No. 29, Lorong 29 Geylang [edit] List of Clan associations In Malaysia
[edit] Guangdong clan associations
Guangdong Clan Associations are associations of people from Guangdong province in southern China.
The Kwan Tung Hui Kuan (Guangdong Clan Association) in Taiping, Perak is based in the Temple for the Immortal Woman He, Temple Street. It was founded in 1887 by Chung Keng Quee and others. The temple was renovated in 1948 and 1954. A pair of old stone lions still grace the forecourt. The Ho Hsien-ku Miaou, or temple for Ho, the Immortal Girl, shares the same compound as the association. Ho is one of the Eight Immortals of Chinese legend and is said to have come from Tseng-ch'eng county, Kuang-chou prefecture.
There is also a Shunde Clan Association (Shun-te Hui Kuan) in Taiping. It was probably founded in 1895. It is located at 36 Kota Road.
Chong San Wooi Koon, King Street, Penang Kwangtung & Tengchew Association, Penang Street, Penang Ng Fook Tong, (United Association of Cantonese Districts), Chulia Street, Penang Kwong Waai Siew Association, (广惠肇会馆), No. 3032, 3rd Floor, Jalan Megat Harun, 14000 Bukit Mertajam, Penang [edit] Hakka clan associations
Federation of Malaysian Hakka Association Tai-Pu Association, 33, Anson Road, Penang Eng Tai Hoay Kuan, Toh Aka Lane, Penang Cha Yong Association, 49, Tupai Road, Taiping, Perak Perak Taipu Association, 19-21, Horley Street, Ipoh, Perak Persatuan Tai-Poo Pahang, 71, Jalan Bibby, Raub, Pahang Selangor Wilayah Cha Yong Huey Kuan, 95, Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur Selangor Wilayah Chha Yong Fay Choon Kuan, 81-83, Jalan Pasar, Kuala Lumpur Selangor Wilayah Cha Yong Li Chee Association, 81-83C, Jalan Pasar, Kuala Lumpur NanYang Char Yong Chow Clan Association, 68-C, Halan Brunei Utara, Kuala Lumpur Kaying Association of Perak, Jalan Sultan Yussuff, 30000 Ipoh, Perak Ka Yin Association of W.P. Kuala Lumpur & Selangor, No. 63B (3rd Floor, Jalan Sultan, Kuala Lumpur Tai Pu Association, 40, Jalan Sultan, Klang, Selangor Negeri Sembilan Char Young Fui Koan, 19, Jalan Kapitan Tam Yeong, Seremban Char Yong Fui Kuan, 89, Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka Cha Yang Huey Kuan, 151, Jalan Abdullah, Muar, Johore Cha Yong Association, 24, Jalan Mohd. Akil, Batu Pahat, Johore Kluang Thai Pu Association, 18, Lorong Wayang, Kluang, Johore Tai Poo Community Association, 39, Jalan Tabuan, Kuching, Sarawak Persatuan Tai Poo Association, 11, 3rd Floor, Kai Peng Road, Sibu, Sarawak Miri Thai Poo Community Association, Miri, Sarawak Tai Poo Community Association of Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah [edit] Tseng Lung clan associations
The Tseng Lung Hui-Kuan is the association for Hakka people from Tseng Ch'eng and Lung-men counties of Kuang-chou prefecture in South China.
Tseng Lung Hui Kuan, Penang, founded in 1886 by Capitan China Chung Keng Quee Tseng Lung Hui Kuan, Market Road, Taiping, Perak, founded in 1885 by Capitan China Chung Keng Quee Tseng Lung Hui Kuan, Gopeng, Perak, founded in 1885 by Capitan China Chung Keng Quee [edit] Hokkien clan associations
The Hokkien Association is an association for immigrants from Fujian province in South China.
Hokkien Association, Kota Road, was founded in the late Qing dynasty. The site was acquired in 1918 and the building was completed in 1931. Hokkien Huay Kuan, 23, Jalan Hang Jebat, Melaka Hokkien Huay Kuan, 98, Jalan Datuk Ooh Chooi Cheng, 14000 Bukit Mertajam, Penang [edit] Hainan clan associations
Hainan island was originally part of Guangdong, but it was separated as its own province in 1988.
Federation of Hainan Associations Malaysia (马来西亚海南会馆联合会), M Floor Wisma Hainan, 112 & 114 Jalan Pudu, 55100 Kuala Lumpur +60-3-2070-4368 Penang Hainan Association (槟城海南会馆), 93 Muntri Street, 10200 Penang +60-4-262-3752 Butterworth Hainan Association (北海海南会馆), 3914 Bagan Luar Road, 12000 Butterworth +60-4-323-2891 Seberang Perai Hainan Association (威省海南会馆), 1 Jalan Melor, 14000 Bukit Mertajam +60-4-539-0677 Province Wellesley Kheng Jai Association (威省琼崖同乡会), 1 Jalan Melor, 14000 Bukit Mertajam +60-4-539-0677 Selangor and Federal Territory Hainan Association (雪隆海南会馆), 65, Persiaran Endah, off Jalan Syed Putra, 50460 Kuala Lumpur +60-3-2274-7088 [edit] Surname clan associations
Kew Leong Tong Lim Kongsi, Ah Quee Street, 10200 Penang Cheah Si Hock Haw Kong Kongsi (谢氏福候公公司), 8 Armenian Street, 10200 Penang Soon Clan Association (孙氏公会), 83 Patani Road, 10150 Penang +60-4-229-3598 Tay Koon Oh Kongsi (帝君胡公司) / Teng Bee Oh Toon Bok Tong (鼎美胡敦睦堂) / She Foo Kongsi Ann Teng Tong (永定胡氏安定堂), 70 Penang Street, 10200 Penang +60-4-262-0480 Penang Kuang Har Tong Ooi Kongsi (槟城江夏堂黄公司) / Ooi Si Chong Hoe Seah (黄氏宗和社), 112 Jelutong Road, 11600 Penang Loh Si Tong Chong Seah (骆氏同宗社), 34 Logan Road, 10400 Penang +60-4-226-9188 Chee Yee Thor Seah Clan Association (徐余涂同宗会), 15 Kek Chuan Road, 10400 Penang +60-4-227-4585 North Malaya Choong Clan Association (北马钟氏公会), 71 Rangoon Road, 10400 Penang Ch'ng Si Soo Bee Tong (庄氏四美堂), 26 Kimberley Street, 10100 Penang Lum Yeong Tong Yap Kongsi (incorporating the Choo Chay Keong Temple), Junction of Armenian Street and Cannon Street, Penang Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi, Cannon Square, 10200 Penang Boon San Tong Khoo Kongsi, Victoria Street, 10200 Penang Ng See Kah Meow (槟城伍氏家庙) (Ng Clan Association), King Street, 10200 Penang Kai Meng Ong Beow (Ong Kongsi) (Ong Si Thye Guan Tong) (槟城王氏太原堂), 436 Penang Road, 10000 Penang +60-4-226-7413 Eng Chuan Tong Tan Kongsi (颖川堂陈公司), 28 Seh Tan Court, 10300 Penang +60-4-262-2630 Ho Si Koong Hui (North Malaya) (槟城北马何氏公会), 9 Jalan Sungai Ujong, 10100 Penang +60-4-261-1944 Lee Sih Chong Soo Penang (槟城李氏宗祠), 182-A Burmah Road, 10050 Penang +60-4-226-7634 Kheng Ngai Tan See Soo (槟城琼崖陈氏祠), 20 Chulia Lane, 10200 Penang +60-4-890-4545 North Malaysia Leok Kooi Tong (北马六桂堂), 45 Westland Road, 10400 Penang +60-4-227-9091 Penang Chay Yeong Tong Sin Quah Chuah Chong Soo (济阳堂辛柯蔡宗祠), 37 Codrington Avenue, Penang +60-4-227-1057 Khaw Kongsi (Koe Yang Tong) (许氏高阳堂), 36 Burmah Road, 10050 Penang North Malaya Tang's (Nanyang Tong) Association (北马邓氏南阳堂), 72-J Anson Road, 10400 Penang +60-4-228-4637 North Malaya Cheah Si Chong Soo (北马谢氏宗祠), 22 Pangkor Road, 10050 Penang +60-4-226-7769 Leow See Chong Soo (廖氏宗祠), 1 Jalan Sungai Ujong, 10100 Penang +60-4-262-7044 Tan Si Eng Chuan Tong Province Wellesley (威省陈氏颖川堂), 18 Jalan Kampung Paya, 12200 Butterworth +60-4-331-0408 Wong Si Chong Ci Koong Har Tong Society (江夏堂黄氏宗祠), 39 Penang Street, 10200 Penang +60-4-261-0848 Low Clan Association (刘氏公会), 89 Magazine Road, 10300 Penang Tan Si Teoh Tng Seah (陈氏潮塘社), 361-A Perak Road, 10150 Penang +60-4-826-0254 Lam Yeong Tong Yap Temple (南阳堂叶氏宗祠), 71 Armenian Street, 10200 Penang +60-4-261-0679 Thye Guan Tong (Ong Kongsi) (武吉淡汶王氏太原堂), 13 Bukit Tambun, 14100 Simpang Ampat Leok Keow Lim Si Association (北马六桥林氏公会), 21 Sri Bahari Road, 10050 Penang +60-4-263-1996 Ooi Si Chong Hoe Seah (黄氏宗和社), 112 Jalan Jelutong, Penang Chew Si Kee San Tong (周氏岐山堂), 33 Kimberley Street, 10100 Penang +60-4-262-3479 Foong See Chie Peng Tong (冯氏始平堂), 16-C Lorong Abu Siti, 10400 Penang +60-4-228-7157 Goh Kongsi (Eng Leng Tong) (吴氏宗祠(延陵堂)), 22 Noordin Street, 10300 Penang +60-4-263-1392 Persatuan Kaum Lim Khay Trang (槟城林氏溪东公会), 83-E Air Itam Road, 10460 Penang +60-4-226-6318 Ang Si Toon Hong Tong (洪氏敦煌堂), 67 Lorong Selamat, 10400 Penang Yeoh Si Association (杨氏公会), 20 Malay Street, 10100 Penang Lim Si Teong How Tong (槟城林氏忠孝堂), 64 Noordin Street, 10300 Penang +60-4-262-6644 Saw Khaw Lean Chong Shu (苏许连宗祠), 36 Burmah Road, 10050 Penang +60-4-227-2051 Choo Si Phai Kok Tong (朱氏沛国堂), 30 Noordin Street, 10300 Penang +60-4-261-1562 Kheng Tian Tong Yew Kongsi (卿田堂尤公司), 376-Q Perak Road, 11600 Penang Gan Clan Association of North Malaysia, 61 Perak Road, 10150 Penang +60-4-2289272 Sum Seng Tong Chan Kongsi (槟城三省堂曾公司), 63 Perak Road, 10150 Penang Leong Clan Temple Penang (槟城梁氏家庙), 65 Jalan Perak, 10150 Penang +60-4-229-1108 Neoh Si Chong Soo (Moi Keng Tong) (梁氏宗祠(梅镜堂)), 99 Seang Teik Road, 10400 Penang Koay Si Hoon Yeong Tong (郭氏汾阳堂), 234 MacAlister Road, 10400 Penang +60-4-226-4128 Persatuan Foo See Seah Wilayah Utara (北马符氏宗亲会/北马符氏宗祠), 12-A Lorong Abu Siti, 10400 Penang +60-4-226-8904 It Ban Kok Club (以文阁俱乐部), 90 Hutton Lane, 10050 Penang +60-4-262-0055 Chan Seng Thong Heong Wooi (槟城增龙同乡会), 28 Clarke Street, 10050 Penang +60-4-263-0075 Loo See Association (吕氏公会), 28 MacAlister Lane, 10400 Penang +60-4-226-6703 Penang Kwong Thung Lee See Chung Chie (槟城广东李氏宗祠), 39 King Street, 10200 Penang Teoh Si Cheng Hoe Tong (槟城张氏清河堂), 260-B Carnarvon Street, 10100 Penang +60-4-261-1178 Quah Si Swee Cheok Tong, 24 Carnarvon Lane, 10100 Penang Kang Har Tong (Ng Kongsi) (大山脚黄氏江夏堂), 17 Aston Road, 14000 Bukit Mertajam +60-4-539-3099 Thye Guan Tong (Ong Kongsi) (武吉淡汶王氏太原堂) 13 Bukit Tambun Main Road, 14100 Simpang Ampat Chua Clan Chiyang Association (麻屬蔡氏濟陽公) 17-1, 1st Floor, Taman Permata, Jalan Haji Jaib, 84000 Muar, Johor, Malaysia. +60-6-9532027 http://www.chiyangmuar.org.my Theng Chuan Tan Clan Association, Johor Teh Kongsi or Teh Si Eng Eong Tong (郑氏荥阳堂) or Zhengshi Ying Yang Tang in Penang was first founded by Chung Keng Quee (Zheng Jinggui) in Kimberley Street.[2][3] Chung in the Hockien dialect is Teh. Chung Kongsi - see Teh Kongsi. [edit] Clan associations In the Philippines
[edit] Surname Family clan Associations
Grand Family Association of the Philippines (宗聯) - Umbrella association of the Family clans Lin Pok Sy Foundation Inc. – Sy, See, Siy, Shi etc. Philippine Kho’s Association (許氏宗親總會) – Kho, Co, Ko, Xu, Hui etc. Tee’s Charitable Association Inc. – Tee, Ty, Zheng etc. Philippine Tai Guan Ong’s Association – Ong, Wang etc. Che Yong Cua Chua Association – Cua, Chua, Ke, Cai, Choi etc. Filipinas Chinese Wei Due Fraternity – Yao, Yu, Tan, Aw, Tian, Yeu, Chen, Hu etc. Philippine Lioc Kui Foundation Inc. – Ang, King, Hong, Kang, Ong-, Hung, Jiang etc. Philippine Liong Tek Fraternity – Go, Wu, Ng etc. Philippine Kang Ha Association Inc. – Uy, Huang etc. Se Jo Tong Family Association Inc. – Lim, Lin, Lam etc. Filipinas CMC & Fraternity Association Inc. – Lee, Li, Dy etc. Hin Long Inc. – Yu, Yang , Yong etc. Liatsan Family Association in the Phils. – Lv, Lu, Gao, Xu, Ji, Co, Kho, Lo, Kee etc. Philippine Bukong So Association Inc.– So, Su etc. The Po Lua Families Association – Po, Lua, Fu, Lai etc. Loong Kong Kung So, Inc. – Lao, Kuan, Tiu, Teo, Liu, Guan, Zhang, Zhao Philippine Lao Too Family Association – Lao, Too, Tuo, Hao, Tang, Fan, Ling, Yee, Shi, Qi, Ji, Liu, Haw, Tong etc. Philippine Liok Lan Foundation Inc. – Sio, Chung, Chong, Yap, Lim, Shen, Yu etc. Pua’s Family Association – Pua, Pan , Poon etc. Tang-Yu Foundation Inc. – Tang, Yu etc. Philippine Chim Ho Tan’s Association – Tan, Chen etc. Philippine Tiu Gan Family Association – Tiu, Gan, Zhang, Yan etc. Sia Family Association of the Philippines – Sia, Xie etc. Chan Cu Association of the Philippines – Chan, Cu, Qiu etc. Ching Shen Family Association – Kim, Ting, Ma, Pe, Que, Jin, Kwok etc. Kim Siu Ching Foundation Philippines Inc. – Ching, Zhuang etc. Hun Yong Que’s Family Association – Que etc. Philippine Chu Gue Fraternity, Inc. – Chu, Gue, Ni, Zhu etc. Ham Yong Fraternity Inc. – Wee, Hong, Niu, Man, Wei, Fong, Liang, Bi, Wan etc. Philippine Song Te Family Association, Inc. – Song, Sung, Te, Tai etc. Philippine Ting’s Family Association – Ting Philippine Ho Family Association, Inc. – Ho Soo Yuen Benevolent Association, Inc. – Lui, Hong, Kuang etc. Yap Fraternity Inc. – Yap, Ye etc. Philippine Sia’s Family Association – Sia Chung Sun Woi Kwon – Yan, Tang Philippine Chin Guan Lao Family Association Inc. – Lao Lian Ling Tong – Sio, Siaw etc. [edit] Hokkien clan associations
Philippine Lam An Association (菲律賓南安公會) - 2725 Jose Abad Santos Avenue near corner Solis St., Manila Philippine Jin Jiang General Association (晉江總會) Philippine Quan Jhou Association (泉州公會) Filipino Chinese Shi Shi Townmate Association (石獅同鄉總會) Philippine Ever Spring Association (永春同鄉會) Philippine Hui An Association (惠總) [edit] See also
Triều Châu (Chaozhou) Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam Hui (secret society) Malaysian Chinese List of Chinese American Associations Tong (organization) Triad (underground society) Zupu [edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Overseas Chinese benevolent associations Chinatownology: clan associations in Singapore Huang Clan Associations Worldwide Overseas Chinese Associations Singapore Chan Khoo Kong Huay 新加坡地曾邱公会 http://chankhoo.freezoka.net/ Singapore Hui Ann Association 新加坡惠安公会 http://huiann.icr38.net Grand Family Association, Philippines [1] [edit] See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Overseas Chinese benevolent associations List of Chinese American Associations Hai San Kongsi Ghee Hin Kongsi [edit] References
^ "Hakka Lanfang Republic". 2002. http://www.asiawind.com/hakka/lanfang.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-21. ^ Binglang Yu Hua ren shi tu lu The Chinese in Penang: A Pictorial History By Kim Hong Tan, 陈剑虹, Published by Areca Books, 2007, ISBN 9834283474, ISBN 9789834283476, Page 67 ^ Persatuan Keturunan The Si Eng Eong Tong @ No.148, Jalan Hutton, 10050 Penang, Malaysia. Tel：+604-228 4304 Fax：+604-228 4304 a large portion of this article originated in http://www.dragon-gate.com/shopping/pro ... 1015&cid=4, Dragon-gate.com's review of Wang Tai Peng's work on the history of kongsi.
A Gateway Arch (Dragon Gate) on Grant Avenue at Bush Street in Chinatown, the only authentic Chinatown Gate in North America. Unlike similar structures which usually stand on wooden pillars, this iconic symbol conforms to Chinese gateway standards using stone from base to top and green-tiled roofs in addition to wood as basic building materials. The Gateway was designed by Clayton Lee, Melvin H. Lee and Joe Yee in 1970.[1]
Chinatown Location within Central San Francisco Coordinates: 37°47′41″N 122°24′26″W / 37.79472°N 122.40722°W Government - Board of Supervisors David Chiu - State Assembly Tom Ammiano (D) - State Senate Mark Leno (D) - U.S. House Nancy Pelosi (D) Area - Total 3.5 km2 (1.34 sq mi) - Land 3.5 km2 (1.34 sq mi) Population (2000)[2] - Total 100,574 - Density 28,978.9/km2 (75,055/sq mi) ZIP Code 94108, 94111, 94104, 94133 Area code(s) 415 San Francisco's Chinatown (Chinese: 唐人街; Mandarin Pinyin: tángrénjiē; Jyutping: tong4 jan4 gaai1) is the oldest Chinatown in North America and the largest Chinese community outside Asia.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Since its establishment in the 1840s,[9] it has been highly important and influential in the history and culture of ethnic Chinese immigrants to the United States and North America. Chinatown is an active enclave that continues to retain its own customs, languages, places of worship, social clubs, and identity. Popularly known as a "city-within-a-city", it has developed its own government, traditions, over 300 restaurants, and as many shops. There are two hospitals, numerous parks and squares, a post office, and other infrastructure. Visitors can easily become immersed in a microcosmic Asian world, filled with herbal shops, temples, pagoda roofs and dragon parades. In addition to it being a starting point and home for thousands of Chinese immigrants, it is also a major tourist attraction — drawing more visitors annually to the neighborhood than the Golden Gate Bridge.[10]
Contents
[hide] 1 Neighborhood and characteristics 1.1 Location 1.2 Geography 2 Demographics 2.1 Background 2.2 Immigration 2.3 Recent changes 3 History 3.1 Early history 3.2 1870s–1906 earthquakes 3.3 Highbinder Tong Wars 3.4 20th century 3.5 1960s–present 4 Culture 4.1 Cultural institutions 4.2 Autumn Moon Festival 4.3 Fame of Chinatown 4.4 Chinese Culture Center 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links [edit] Neighborhood and characteristics
[edit] Location
Chinatown has been traditionally defined by the neighborhoods of North Beach, and Telegraph Hill areas as bound by Bush Street, Taylor Street, Bay Street, and the water.[11] Officially, Chinatown is located in downtown San Francisco, and overlaps five Postal ZIP Codes. It is within an area of roughly 1 mile long by 1.34 miles wide. The current boundary is roughly Montgomery Street, Columbus Avenue and The City's Financial District in the East, Union Street and North Beach in the North all the way to its Northernmost point from the intersection of Jones Street and Lombard Street in Russian Hill to Lombard Street and Grant Avenue (都板街) in Telegraph Hill. The Southeast is bounded by Bush Street with Union Square.
Portsmouth Square [edit] Geography
Within Chinatown there are two major thoroughfares. One is Grant Avenue (都板街), with the Dragon Gate (aka "Chinatown Gate" on some maps) on the intersection of Bush Street and Grant Avenue; St. Mary's Square with a statue of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen; a war memorial to Chinese war veterans; and stores, restaurants and mini-malls that cater mainly to tourists. The other, Stockton Street (市德頓街), is frequented less often by tourists, and it presents an authentic Chinese look and feel, reminiscent of Hong Kong, with its produce and fish markets, stores, and restaurants. Chinatown has smaller side streets and alleyways providing character.
A major focal point in Chinatown is Portsmouth Square. Due to its being one of the few open spaces in Chinatown, Portsmouth Square bustles with activity such as Tai Chi and old men playing Chinese chess. A replica of the Goddess of Democracy used in the Tiananmen Square protest was built in 1999 by Thomas Marsh, and stands in the square. It is made of bronze and weighs approximately 600 lb (270 kg).
[edit] Demographics
[edit] Background
Chinatown is the most densely populated neighborhood in the city and one of the most densely populated neighborhoods in the United States.[citation needed] Its estimated population in the 2000 census was at 100,574 residents.[2] It is also one of the more working-class sections of the city, with neighborhood median household incomes averaging out at $42,153,[12] though higher than the national average, is still lower than the citywide average income of $73,798.[13]
Grant Avenue during Chinese New Year. [edit] Immigration
Many working-class Hong Kong Chinese immigrants began arriving in large numbers in the 1960s and despite their status and professions in Hong Kong, had to find low-paying employment in restaurants and garment factories in Chinatown because of limited English fluency. An increase in Cantonese-speaking immigrants from Hong Kong and Mainland China has gradually led to the replacement of the Hoisanese/Taishanese(mand.) dialect with the standard Cantonese dialect. Note: In China, Hoisanese/Taishenese is known as "say yip wah", or 4 counties dialect. The major Cantonese dialect is called "sam yip wah", or 3 counties dialect, and is used primarily as the lingua franca for the region. While the neighborhood continues to receive newer immigrants and maintains a lively and active character, suburban flight has left the neighborhood relatively poor, decrepit in many parts, and largely elderly.
[edit] Recent changes
A nighttime shot of Chinatown
Waverly Place, the heart and soul of Chinatown. Here is where most of the Benovolent Associations are located, and community decisions made. Due to such overcrowding and poverty, other Chinese areas have been established within the city of San Francisco proper, including one in its Richmond and three more in its Sunset districts, as well as a recently established one in the Visitacion Valley neighborhood. These outer neighborhoods have been settled largely by Chinese from Southeast Asia. There are also many suburban Chinese communities in the San Francisco Bay Area, especially in Silicon Valley, such as Cupertino, Fremont, and Milpitas, where Taiwanese Americans are dominant. Despite these developments, many continue to commute in from these outer neighborhoods and cities to shop in Chinatown, causing gridlock on roads and delays in public transit, especially on weekends. To address this problem, the local public transit agency, Muni, is planning to extend the city's subway network to the neighborhood via the new Central Subway.[14]
Unlike in most Chinatowns in North America, ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam have not established businesses in San Francisco's Chinatown district, due to high property values and rents. Instead, many Chinese-Vietnamese – as opposed to ethnic Vietnamese who tended to congregate in larger numbers in San Jose – have established a separate Vietnamese enclave on Larkin Street in the heavily working-class Tenderloin district of San Francisco, where it is now known as the city's "Little Saigon" and not as a "Chinatown" per se. As with historic Chinatown, Little Saigon plans to construct an arch[citation needed] signifying its entrance, as well as directional street signs leading to the community.
[edit] History
[edit] Early history
1903 Dupont Street (now Grant Avenue). The Chinese Funeral of Tom Kim Yung (1858-1903)
Stockton Street, an important Chinatown thoroughfare and vital lifeline to the local community.
The headquarters of the Chinese Six Companies in San Francisco. San Francisco's Chinatown was the port of entry for early Hoisanese and Zhongshanese .[citation needed] Chinese immigrants from the southern Guangdong province of China from the 1850s to the 1900s.[15] The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city. The majority of these Chinese shopkeepers, restaurant owners, and hired workers in San Francisco Chinatown were predominantly Hoisanese and male. Many Chinese found jobs working for large companies seeking a source of labor, most famously as part of the Central Pacific on the Transcontinental Railroad. Other early immigrants worked as mine workers or independent prospectors hoping to strike it rich during the 1849 Gold Rush.
[edit] 1870s–1906 earthquakes
With national unemployment in the wake of the Panic of 1873, racial tensions in the city boiled over into full blown race riots. In response to the violence, the Consolidated Chinese Benevolent Association or the Chinese Six Companies, which evolved out of the labor recruiting organizations for different areas of Guangdong, was created as a means of providing the community with a unified voice. The heads of these companies were the leaders of the Chinese merchants, who represented the Chinese community in front of the business community as a whole and the city government. The anti-immigrant sentiment became law as the United States Government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – the first immigration restriction law aimed at a single ethnic group. This law, along with other immigration restriction laws such as the Geary Act, greatly reduced the numbers of Chinese allowed into the country and the city, and in theory limited Chinese immigration to single males only. Exceptions were in fact granted to the families of wealthy merchants, but the law was still effective enough to reduce the population of the neighborhood to an all time low in the 1920s. The exclusion act was repealed during World War II under the Magnuson Act in recognition of the important role of China as an ally in the war, although tight quotas still applied. Not unlike much of San Francisco, a period of criminality ensued in some tongs on the produce of smuggling, gambling and prostitution, and by the early 1880s, the population had adopted the term Tong war to describe periods of violence in Chinatown, the San Francisco Police Department had established its so-called Chinatown Squad. One of the more successful sergeants, Jack Manion, was appointed in 1921 and served for two decades. The squad was finally disbanded in August 1955 by Police Chief George Healey, upon the request of the influential Chinese World newspaper, which had editorialized that the squad was an "affront to Americans of Chinese descent".[16] The neighborhood was completely destroyed in the 1906 earthquake that leveled most of the city.
[edit] Highbinder Tong Wars
This section's tone or style may not reflect the formal tone used on Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2010) In 1875 at Waverly Place, a soldier of the Kwong Duck tong, Ming Long, attacked a rival, Low Sing with a hatchet in a feud over a slave girl. Low Sing survived this brutal assault and Suey Sing tong posted a chun hung challenge to the Kwong Ducks to either admit their wrongdoing, apologize and compensate for Low Sing's injuries, or face mortal combat in Waverly Place at midnight. Refusing to lose face, the Kwong Ducks dispatched their best hatchet men to the appointed site.
Just before midnight, Waverly Place was empty and silent as hundreds of hushed spectators packed the roofs and balconies above and placed bets on the battle's final outcome. Two groups of men formed on opposite sides of the street. These boo hoo dow doy (hatchet sons) were soldiers of Chinatown's criminal tongs, whose violence and cruelty were reputed to match those found in Billy the Kid's Wild West or Al Capone's Chicago gangland. U.S. newspapers called them highbinders (named for the manner in which their braided queues were tied under their caps in order to avoid capture), and sensationalized their accounts of back-street turf battles, vandettas, and bold assassinations. The Suey Sings then attacked with the war cry "Loy gee, hai dai!" (Come on, you cowards!). In the ensuing 15-minute melee, knives and hatchets clashed until the police arrived. Three Kwong Ducks and one Suey Sing were among the dead. The rest, which included six wounded, escaped by rooftop and alleyway. The defeated Kwong Ducks compensated the Suey Sings as required, and apologized to Low Sing, who was to later marry his love, Kum How. Ming Long left for China, never to return.
Most tong wars began not from love triangles, but over turf battles concerning criminal enterprises. At the height of the criminal tongs during the 1880s and 1890s, roughly 20 to 30 tongs ran highly profitable gambling houses, brothels, opium dens, and slave trade enterprises in Chinatown. Overcrowding, segregation, graft, and the lack of governmental control contributed to conditions that sustained the criminal tongs from the 1870s to the early 1920s.
The highbinder tongs had considerable support structures and resources at their disposal, including small mazes of alleyways and connecting basements that created a labyrinthine network of passage ways and escape routes. Hatchet men who were being pursued could disappear into a building on one side of Chinatown and reappear on the other end, traveling entirely underground. Prior to the 1906 earthquake, various anti-vice laws were enacted in San Francisco, but through its system of graft, red-light districts rampant with prostitution, gambling, and drugs flourished.
Chinatown's isolation and compact geography intensified the criminal behavior that terrorized the community for decades despite efforts by the Six Companies and police to stem the tide. When the 1906 earthquake destroyed Chinatown's wooden tenements, it also dealt a death blow to the powerful tongs. Criminal tongs continued on until the 1920s, but after the earthquake legitimate Chinese merchants and a more capable police force under Capt. Jack Manion gained the upper hand. Stiffer legislation against prostitution and drugs that followed was the final nail in the coffin for the tongs, bringing an end to the darkest period in Chinatown's history.[17]
[edit] 20th century
During the city's rebuilding process, certain city planners and real-estate developers had hatched plans to move Chinatown to the Hunters Point neighborhood at the southern edge of the city, even further south in Daly City. Their plans failed as the Chinese, particularly with the efforts of Consolidated Chinese Six companies, the Chinese government, and American commercial interests reclaimed would then be absorbed into the financial district the neighborhood and convinced the city government to relent. Part of their efforts in doing so was to plan and rebuild the neighborhood as a western friendly tourist attraction. The rebuilt area that is seen today, resembles such plans.[18] Many early Chinese immigrants to San Francisco and beyond were processed at Angel Island, now a state park, in the San Francisco Bay. Unlike Ellis Island in the East where prospective European immigrants might be held for up to a week, Angel Island typically detained Chinese immigrants for months while they were interrogated closely to validate their papers. The detention facility has been renovated in 2005 and 2006 under a federal grant. The repeal of the Exclusion act and the other immigration restriction laws, in conjunction passage of the War Brides Act, allowed Chinese-American veterans to bring their families outside of national quotas, led to a major population boom in the area during the 1950s.
[edit] 1960s–present
In the 1960s, the shifting of underutilized national immigration quotas brought in another huge wave of immigrants mostly from Hong Kong, which changed San Francisco Chinatown from predominantly Say Yip Wah(Cantonese sub-dialect of Hoisan and 3 other towns)-speaking to Sam Yip Wah(major Cantonese)-speaking. The end of the Vietnam War brought a wave of Vietnamese refugees of Chinese descent, who put their own stamp on San Francisco Chinatown. There were areas where many Chinese in Northern California living outside of San Francisco Chinatown, could maintain small communities or even individual business, but except for Oakland, they did not set up any special town with shopping and restaurants. Nonetheless, the historic rights of property owners to deed or sell their property to whom was exercised in sufficient numbers to keep the Chinese community from spreading outside of its early development. However, the Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for property owners to deed their rights so that certain groups were excluded. These rulings allowed the enlargement of Chinatown and an increase of the Chinese population of the city. At the same time, the declining white population of the city as a result of White Flight combined to change the demographics of the city. Neighborhoods that were once predominately white, such as Richmond District and Sunset District and in other suburbs across the San Francisco Bay Area became centers of new Chinese immigrant communities. This included new immigrant groups such as Mandarin-speaking immigrants from Taiwan who have tended to settled in suburban Millbrae, Cupertino, Milpitas, and Mountain View – avoiding San Francisco as well as Oakland entirely. This suburbanization continues today. With these changes came a weakening of the Tongs traditional grip on Chinese life. The newer Chinese groups often came from areas outside of the Tongs' control. As a result, the influence of the Tongs and criminal groups associated with them, such as the Triads, grew weaker in Chinatown and the Chinese community in general. However, the presence of the Triads remained significant in the immigrant community, and in the summer of 1977, an ongoing rivalry between two Triads erupted in violence and bloodshed, culminating in a shooting spree at the Golden Dragon Restaurant on Washington Street (華盛頓街). Five people were killed and eleven wounded. The incident has become infamously known as the Golden Dragon massacre.[19] The Golden Dragon closed in January 2006 because of a failed inspection of the restaurant, and is now the Imperial Palace Restaurant.[20]
[edit] Culture
[edit] Cultural institutions
Chinatown's cultural character has also been a major focal point in Chinese American and Asian American culture. Noted Chinese American writers grew up there such as Russell Leong, to The Joy Luck Club author Amy Tan whose experiences growing up in the neighborhood formed the basis of the famous book and film.
San Francisco's Chinatown is home to the well-known and historic Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (known as the Chinese Six Companies), which is the umbrella organization for local Chinese family and regional associations in Chinatown. It has spawned lodges in other Chinatowns in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Chinatown, Los Angeles and Chinatown, Portland.
[edit] Autumn Moon Festival
San Francisco Chinatown's annual Autumn Moon Festival celebrates seasonal change and the opportunity to give thanks to a bountiful summer harvest. The Moon Festival is popularly celebrated throughout China and surrounding countries each year, with local bazaars, entertainment, and mooncakes, the pastry filled with sweet bean paste and egg. The festival is held each year during mid-September, and is free to the public.
[edit] Fame of Chinatown
Chinatown restaurants are considered to be the birthplace of Westernized Chinese cuisine such as food items like Chop Suey while introducing and popularizing Dim Sum to Western and American tastes, as its Dim Sum tea houses are a major tourist attraction. Many of its restaurants have been featured in many food television programs dealing with ethnic Chinese cuisine such as Martin Yan's Martin Yan - Quick & Easy.
The Chinatown has served as a backdrop for several movies, television shows, plays and documentaries including such hits as The Maltese Falcon, Big Trouble in Little China, The Pursuit of Happyness, The Presidio, Flower Drum Song and The Dead Pool.
[edit] Chinese Culture Center
The Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco is a major community-based, non-profit organization established in 1965 to foster the understanding and appreciation of Chinese and Chinese American art, history, and culture in the United States. The facilities of the Center, totaling 20,000 square feet (2,000 m2), include a 299-seat auditorium, a 2,935-square-foot (273 m2) gallery, book shop, classroom, and offices. Centrally located between Chinatown and the Financial District, the Center attracts a broad spectrum of audiences from the Chinese community, the city at large, and the greater Bay Area, as well as visitors from all over the country.
[edit] See also
San Francisco Bay Area portal 49-Mile Scenic Drive List of streets and alleys in Chinatown, San Francisco [edit] References
^ Le Bas, Tom ed. by: "Insight Guides China, 10th ed.", page 104, APA Publications, 2008. ^ a b Ward, Brant (December 29, 2009). "Chinatown family life - what tourists don't see". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.c ... 1AU0B3.DTL. ^ City-Data California Ethnic Group Breakdown Page ^ Hoiberg, Dale: The New Encyclopaedia Britannica MicroPaedia vol. 10, Page 388., Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc, 2007. ^ Wanning, Esther: Culture Shock! USA, Color Plateno. 2, after Page 180., Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2008 ^ http://www.Chinatownology.com ^ United Parcel Service Community Site ^ TED Case Studies/Illegal Immigration Studies Website ^ The Official San Francisco Chinatown Website ^ San Francisco Chinatown Page at SFGate.com ^ "North Beach / Chinatown / Telegraph Hill." San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on February 1, 2009. ^ http://www.city-data.com/zips/94108.html ^ http://www.city-data.com/county/San_Fra ... ty-CA.html ^ [1] ^ View a KPIX-TV 1963 documentary film about the early history of San Francisco's Chinatown: https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/191373. ^ Davies, Lawerence E. (August 7, 1955). "COAST CHINATOWN LOSES TIE TO PAST; San Francisco Police Detail, Started in Days of Tong, Passes Tomorrow". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract. ... 5F418585F9. Retrieved 2009-10-30. ^ Bacon, Daniel: Walking San Francisco on the Barbary Coast Trail 2nd. Ed., Pages 59-62., Quicksilver Press, 1997 ^ Hua, Vanessa (April 13, 2006). "The Great Quake: 1906-2006 Out of chaos came new Chinese America". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.c ... DTL&nl=top. Retrieved 2009-10-30. ^ Inside Chinatown's Gangs ^ Golden Dragon Closes and owes a million... [edit] Further reading
Chinn, Thomas W. Bridging the Pacific: San Francisco Chinatown and its People. Chinese Historical Society of America, 1989. ISBN 0-9614198-3-0, ISBN 0-9614198-4-9 PB Tsui, Bonnie. American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods, 2009 ISBN 978-1-4165-5723-4 Official website [edit] External links
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (August 2009) Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chinatown, San Francisco San Francisco Chinatown Chinese Cultural Center America's Chinese communities shifting to Mandarin[dead link] - A Seattle Post-Intelligencer newspaper article on the changing dynamic of Chinatown. What Is the Future for San Francisco's Chinese Matriarchs? Pueng Vongs, Pacific News Service. 2005. San Francisco Chinatown Events San Francisco Chinatown Visitors Guide Chinatown history, from the University of California History of San Francisco Chinatown North Beach, San Francisco v · d · e
Nob Hill, San Francisco Chinatown, San Francisco Financial District, San Francisco
Tenderloin, San Francisco Union Square, San Francisco French Quarter, San Francisco [show]v · d · eNeighborhoods of San Francisco, California [show]v · d · eSan Francisco attractions [show]v · d · eChinatowns [show]v · d · eChinese American topics Coordinates: 37°47′41″N 122°24′26″W / 37.79472°N 122.40722°W
Manhattan's Chinatown (simplified Chinese: 纽约华埠 ; traditional Chinese: 紐約華埠; pinyin: Niŭyuē Huá Bù), home to one of the highest concentrations of Chinese people in the Western hemisphere, is located in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Manhattan's Chinatown is one of the oldest ethnic Chinese enclaves outside of Asia.
[show]Chinatown, Manhattan Contents
[hide] 1 Location 2 History 2.1 Ah Ken and early Chinese immigration 2.2 Chinese exclusion period 2.3 Post-immigration reform 3 Economy 4 Demographics 5 Buildings 5.1 Housing 5.2 Landmarks 6 Chinese theaters 7 Street names in Chinese 8 Satellite Chinatowns 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links [edit] Location
A Chinese lion in the 2006 Chinese New Year on Mott Street near Worth The borders of Chinatown are currently approximated as:
Grand Street to the North (bordering Little Italy) Allen Street to the East (bordering the Lower East Side) Worth Street to the South Lafayette Street to the West [edit] History
[edit] Ah Ken and early Chinese immigration
Main article: Ah Ken
Scene from Chinese Theater performance, 1896 Although Quimbo Appo is claimed to have arrived in the area during the 1840s, the first Chinese person credited as having permanently immigrated to Chinatown was Ah Ken, a Cantonese businessman, who eventually founded a successful cigar store on Park Row.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] He first arrived in New York around 1858 where he was "probably one of those Chinese mentioned in gossip of the sixties [1860s] as peddling 'awful' cigars at three cents apiece from little stands along the City Hall park fence – offering a paper spill and a tiny oil lamp as a lighter", according to author Alvin Harlow in Old Bowery Days: The Chronicles of a Famous Street (1931).[3]
Later immigrants would similarly find work as "cigar men" or carrying billboards and Ah Ken's particular success encouraged cigar makers William Longford, John Occoo and John Ava to also ply their trade in Chinatown eventually forming a monopoly on the cigar trade.[10] It has been speculated that he may have been Ah Ken who kept a small boarding house on lower Mott Street and rented out bunks to the first Chinese immigrants to arrive in Chinatown. It was with the profits he earned as a landlord, earning an average of $100 a month, that he was able to open his Park Row smoke shop around which modern-day Chinatown would grow.[1][5][11][12][13][14]
[edit] Chinese exclusion period
Faced with increasing discrimination and new laws which prevented participation in many occupations on the West Coast, some Chinese immigrants moved to the East Coast cities in search of employment. Early businesses in these cities included hand laundries and restaurants. Chinatown started on Mott Street, Park, Pell and Doyers streets, east of the notorious Five Points district. By 1870, there was a Chinese population of 200. By the time the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was passed, the population was up to 2,000 residents. By 1900, there were 7,000 Chinese residents, but fewer than 200 Chinese women.
Doyers Street depicted in an 1898 postcard The early days of Chinatown were dominated by Chinese "tongs" (now sometimes rendered neutrally as "associations"), which were a mixture of clan associations, landsman's associations, political alliances (Kuomintang (Nationalists) vs Communist Party of China) and (more secretly) crime syndicates. The associations started to give protection from harassment due to anti-Chinese sentiment. Each of these associations was aligned with a street gang. The associations were a source of assistance to new immigrants – giving out loans, aiding in starting business, and so forth.
The associations formed a governing body named the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association（中華公所). Though this body was meant to foster relations between the Tongs, open warfare periodically flared between the On Leong (安良) and Hip Sing (協勝) tongs. Much of the Chinese gang warfare took place on Doyers street. Gangs like the Ghost Shadows (鬼影) and Flying Dragons (飛龍) were prevalent until the 1990s. The Chinese gangs controlled certain territories of Manhattan's Chinatown. The On Leong (安良) and it's affiliate Ghost Shadows (鬼影) were of Cantonese and Toishan descent controlled Mott, Bayard, Canal, and Mulberry Streets. The Flying Dragons (飛龍) and it's affiliation Hip Sing (協勝) also of Cantonese and Toishan descent controlled Doyers, Pell, Bowery, Grand, and Hester Streets. Other Chinese gangs also existed like the Hung Ching and Chih Kung gangs being of Cantonese and Toishan descent, which were affiliated with each other also had control of Mott Street. Born-to-Kill or known as Canal Boys being of Vietnamese and Chinese descent had control over Broadway, Canal, Baxter, Center, and Lafeyette Streets. Fujianese gangs also existed such as the Tung On gang, which affiliated with Tsung Tsin had control over East Broadway, Catherine and Division Streets and the Fuk Ching gang affiliated with Fukien American controlled East Broadway, Chrystie, Forsyth, Eldridge and Allen Streets. At one point, a gang named the Freemasons gang, which were Cantonese descent had attempted to claim East Broadway as their territory.[15][16][17][18]
The only park in Chinatown, Columbus Park, was built on what was once the center of the infamous Five Points neighborhood of New York. During the 19th century, this was the most dangerous slum area of immigrant New York (as portrayed in the book and film Gangs of New York).
[edit] Post-immigration reform
In the years after the United States enacted the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, allowing many more immigrants from Asia into the country, the population of Chinatown exploded. Geographically, much of the growth was to neighborhoods to the north. In the 1990s, Chinese people began to move into some parts of the western Lower East Side, which 50 years earlier was populated by Eastern European Jews and 20 years earlier was occupied by Hispanics.
Pell Street looking toward Confucius Plaza Chinatown was adversely affected by the September 11, 2001 attacks. Being so physically close to Ground Zero, tourism and business has been very slow to return to the area. Part of the reason was the New York City Police Department closure of Park Row – one of two major roads linking the Financial Center with Chinatown.
By 2007 luxury condominiums began to spread from Soho into Chinatown. Previously Chinatown was noted for its crowded tenements and primarily Chinese residents. While some projects have targeted the Chinese community, the development of luxury housing has increased Chinatown's economic and cultural diversity.[19]
Currently, the rising prices of Manhattan real estate and high rents are also affecting Chinatown. Many new and poorer Chinese immigrants cannot afford their rents; as a result, growth has slowed, and a process of relocation to the Flushing Chinatown and Brooklyn Chinatown has started. Many apartments, particularly in the Lower East Side and Little Italy, which used to be affordable to new Chinese immigrants, are being renovated and then sold or rented at much higher prices. Building owners, many of them established Chinese-Americans, often find it in their best interest to terminate leases of lower-income residents with stabilized rents as property values rise.[20]
By 2009 many newer Chinese immigrants settled along East Broadway instead of the historic core west of the Bowery. In addition Mandarin began to eclipse Cantonese as the predominant Chinese dialect in New York's Chinatown during the period. The New York Times says that the Flushing Chinatown now rivals Manhattan's Chinatown in terms of being a cultural center for Chinese-speaking New Yorkers' politics and trade.[21]
[edit] Economy
A Chinatown grocer Chinese green-grocers and fishmongers are clustered around Mott Street, Mulberry Street, Canal Street (by Baxter Street) and all along East Broadway (especially by Catherine Street). The Chinese jewelry shop district is on Canal Street between Mott and Bowery. Due to the high savings rate among Chinese, there are many Asian and American banks in the neighborhood. Canal Street, west of Broadway (especially on the North side), is filled with street vendors selling imitation perfumes, watches, and hand-bags. This section of Canal Street was previously the home of warehouse stores selling surplus/salvage electronics and hardware.
In addition, tourism and restaurants are major industries.[22] The district boasts many historical and cultural attractions so it is a destination for tour companies like Big Onion and NYC Chinatown Tours.[23] Tour stops often include landmarks like the Church of the Transfiguration and the Lin Zexu and Confucius statues.[24] The enclave’s many restaurants also support the tourism industry. The New York Food Tours company runs programs taking visitors to the area’s eateries for dishes like Shanghai Scallion Pancakes and wonton soup.[25] The Chinatown restaurant scene is large and vibrant, with more than 200 Chinese restaurants in the neighborhood providing employment. Notable and well reviewed Chinatown establishments include Joe’s Shanghai, Jing Fong, New Green Bo and Amazing 66.[26]
Other contributors to the economy include factories. The proximity of the fashion industry has kept some garment work in the local area though most of the garment industry has moved to China.[citation needed] The local garment industry now concentrates on quick production in small volumes and piece-work (paid by the piece) which is generally done at the worker's home. Much of the population growth is due to immigration. As previous generations of immigrants gain language and education skills, they tend to move to better housing and job prospects that are available in the suburbs and outer boroughs of New York.[citation needed]
See also: Chinatown bus lines [edit] Demographics
The street scene on Pell Street Unlike most other urban Chinatowns, Manhattan's Chinatown is both a residential area as well as commercial area. Many population estimates are in the range of 90,000 to 100,000 residents.[2] [3][4] [5] [6] It is difficult to get an exact count, as neighborhood participation in the U.S. Census is thought to be low due to language barriers, as well as large-scale illegal immigration. Until the 1960s, the majority of the Chinese population in Chinatown emigrated from Guangdong province and Hong Kong, thus they were native speakers of Cantonese, especially the Canton and Taishan dialects. A minority of Hakka was also represented. Mandarin was rarely spoken by residents even well into the 1980s.
Immigration reform in 1965 opened the door to a huge influx of Cantonese speakers from Hong Kong, and Cantonese became the dominant tongue. With the influx of Hong Kong immigrants, it was developing and growing into a Little Hong Kong, however the growth slowed down later on.[27][28]But since the late 1980s and 1990s, the vast majority of new Chinese immigrants have come from mainland China, especially Fujian Province, and tend to speak Mandarin along with their regional dialects.
Most Fuzhou immigrants are illegal immigrants while most of the Cantonese immigrants are legal immigrants in Manhattan's Chinatown.[29] With the coming of illegal Fuzhou immigrants during the 1990s, there is now a Fuzhou Community within the eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown which started on the East Broadway portion during the early 1990s and later emerged north onto the Eldridge Street portion of Manhattan's Chinatown by the late 1990s and early 2000s. The eastern portion of Chinatown became more fully developed when the Fuzhou immigrants began to arrive whereas before it was not as heavily Chinese populated and what is now the western section of Chinatown was the original size of Chinatown and originally this was where the concentrations of Chinese people mostly populated on the Lower East Side, mostly the Cantonese. [30]
The Fuzhou immigration pattern started out in the 70s very similarly like the Cantonese immigration during the late 1800s to early 1900s that had established New York's Chinatown on Mott Street, Pell Street and Doyers Street. Starting out as mostly men arriving first and then later on bringing their families over. The earliest Fuzhou immigrants arriving during the 80s and 90s were entering into a Chinese community that was extremely Cantonese dominated. Due to the Fuzhou immigrants having no legal status and inability to speak Cantonese, many were denied jobs in Chinatown as a result causing many of them to resort to crimes to make a living that began to dominate the crimes going on in Chinatown. There was a lot Cantonese resentment against Fuzhou immigrants arriving into Chinatown.[31][32][33][34][35][36]
As the epicenter of the massive Fuzhou influx has shifted to Brooklyn in the 2000s, Manhattan's Chinatown's Cantonese population still remains viable and large and successfully continues to retain its stable Cantonese community identity, maintaining the communal gathering venue established decades ago in the western portion of Chinatown, to shop, work, and socialize — in contrast to the Cantonese population and community identity which are declining very rapidly in Brooklyn's Chinatown. Although the term Little Hong Kong was used a long time ago to describe Manhattan's Chinatown relating to when an influx of Hong Kong immigrants were pouring in at that time and even though not all Cantonese immigrants come from Hong Kong, this portion of Chinatown has heavy Cantonese characteristics, especially with the Standard Cantonese, which is spoken in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China being widely used, so it is in many ways a Little Hong Kong.
Despite the large Fuzhou population, most of the Chinese businesses in Chinatown are still Cantonese owned and because of still the large Cantonese population on the Lower East Side, especially with the Cantonese Community still being the main Chinese commercial district for all of Chinatown and with the Cantonese people living in more affluent residencies that are also important customers to Chinatown's businesses, Cantonese is still a strong Lingua Franca in Chinatown even though Mandarin is beginning to sweep Cantonese aside as a Lingua Franca allowing Cantonese to still dominate the cultural standards and economic resources of Manhattan's Chinatown. As a result, it has influenced many Fuzhou people to learn the Cantonese language as well to maintain a job and to be able to bring more Cantonese customers as additional contributions to their businesses, especially large businesses like the Dim Sum restaurants on what is known as Little Fuzhou on East Broadway, the center of Fuzhou culture.[37][38][39] Linguistically, however, in the past few years, the Cantonese dialect that has dominated Chinatown for decades is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin Chinese, the national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants.[40]
Now the increasing Fuzhou influx has shifted into the Brooklyn Chinatown in the Sunset Park section of Brooklyn and is replacing the Cantonese population there more significantly than in Manhattan's Chinatown. Brooklyn's Chinatown is quickly becoming the new Little Fuzhou in NYC or Brooklyn's East Broadway (布鲁克林区的東百老匯). During the late 1980s and 1990s, most of the new Fuzhou immigrants arriving into New York City were settling in Manhattan's Chinatown and later formed the first Fuzhou community in the city amongst the waves of Cantonese who had settled in Chinatown over decades; but by the 2000s, the Fuzhou population growth had slowed within Manhattan's Chinatown and began to accelerate in Brooklyn's Chinatown instead.
Although Mandarin is spoken as a native language among only ten percent of Chinese speakers in Manhattan's Chinatown, it is used as a secondary dialect among the greatest number of them and is on its way to replacing Cantonese as their lingua franca.[41] Although Min Chinese, especially the Fuzhou dialect, is spoken natively by a third of the Chinese population in the city, it is not used as a lingua franca because speakers of other dialect groups do not learn Min.[41]
[edit] Buildings
The Confucius Plaza 44-story subsidized housing cooperative, above typical Chinatown housing stock [edit] Housing
The housing stock of Chinatown is still mostly composed of cramped tenement buildings, some of which are over 100 years old. It is still common in such buildings to have bathrooms in the hallways, to be shared among multiple apartments. A federally subsidized housing project, named Confucius Plaza, was completed on the corner of Bowery and Division streets in 1976. This 44-story residential tower block gave much needed new housing stock to thousands of residents. The building also housed a new public grade school, P.S. 124 (or Yung Wing Elementary). Besides being the first and largest affordable housing complex specifically available to the Chinatown population Confucius Plaza is also a cultural and institutional landmark, springing forth community organization, Asian Americans for Equality (AAFE), one of Chinatown's oldest political/community organizations, founded in 1974.
[edit] Landmarks
For much of Chinatown's history, there were few unique architectural features to announce to visitors that they had arrived in the neighborhood (other than the language of the shop signs). In 1962, at Chatham Square the Lieutenant Benjamin Ralph Kimlau Memorial archway was erected in memorial of the Chinese-Americans who died in World War II. This memorial, which bears calligraphy by the great Yu Youren 于右任 (1879—1964), is mostly ignored by the residents due to its poor location on a busy car thoroughfare with little pedestrian traffic.[citation needed] A statue of Lin Zexu, also known as Commissioner Lin, a Fuzhou-based Chinese official who opposed the opium trade, is also located at the square; it faces uptown along East Broadway, now home to the bustling Fuzhou neighborhood and known locally as Fuzhou Street (Fúzhóu jiē 福州街). In the 1970s, New York Telephone, then the local phone company started capping the street phone booths with pagoda-like decorations. In 1976, the statue of Confucius in front of Confucius Plaza became a common meeting place. In the 1980s, banks which opened new branches and others which were renovating started to use Chinese traditional styles for their building facades. The Church of the Transfiguration, a national historic site built in 1815, stands off Mott Street.
In 2010, Chinatown and Little Italy were listed in a single historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.[42]
[edit] Chinese theaters
The city's first Chinese theater, on Doyers Street In the past, Chinatown had Chinese theaters that provided entertainment to the Chinese population as well as helping them stay connected to their Chinese roots. The first Chinese-language theater in the city was located at 5–7 Doyers Street from 1893 to 1911. The theater was later converted into a rescue mission for homeless from the Bowery. In 1903, the theater was the site of a fundraiser by the Chinese community for Jewish victims of a massacre in Kishinev.[43]
Among the theaters that existed in Chinatown in later years were Sun Sing Theater under the Manhattan Bridge and Pagoda Theater both on the street of East Broadway, Governor Theater on Chatham Square, Rosemary Theater on Canal Street across the Manhattan Bridge and Music Palace on the Bowery, which was the last Chinese theater to close. Others have existed in different sections of Chinatown. The Chinese theaters also played movies with Chinese and English subtitles for the non-Chinese viewers, which were very often black Muslims that enjoyed movies with non-white heroes, Caucasian martial arts students and people who were film cognoscenti. During the 1970s, the Chinese theaters became less attractive due to increasing gang-violence. These theaters now have all closed because of more accessibility to videotapes, which were more affordable and provided more genres of movies and much later on DVDs and VCDs became available. Other factors such as, availability of Chinese cable channels, karaoke bars, and gambling in casinos began to provide other options for the Chinese to have entertainment also influenced the Chinese theaters to go out of business. [44][45] [46][47]
[edit] Street names in Chinese
Baxter Street – 巴士特街 Allen Street – 亞倫街 Baxter Street – 巴士特街 Bayard Street – 擺也街 Bowery – 包厘 Broadway – 百老匯 Broome Street – 布隆街 Canal Street – 堅尼街 Catherine Street – 加薩林街 Centre Street – 中央街 Chambers Street – 錢伯斯街 Chatham Square – 且林士果 Chrystie Street – 企李士提街 Delancey Street – 地蘭西街 Division Street – 地威臣街 Doyers Street – 宰也街 East Broadway (Little Fuzhou) – 東百老匯 (小福州) Eldridge Street – 愛烈治街 Elizabeth Street – 伊利莎白街 Forsyth Street – 科西街 Grand Street – 格蘭街 Henry Street – 顯利街 Hester Street – 喜士打街 Madison Street – 麥地遜街 Market Street – 市場街 Mosco Street – 莫斯科街 Mott Street – 勿街 Mulberry Street – 摩比利街 Orchard Street – 柯察街 Park Row – 柏路 Pell Street – 披露街 Pike Street – 派街 Worth Street – 窩夫街[48] [49]
[edit] Satellite Chinatowns
Main articles: Chinatown, Flushing and Chinatown, Brooklyn Other New York City Chinese communities have been settled over the years, including that of Flushing in Queens, particularly along from Roosevelt Avenue to Main Street through Kissena Blvd. Another Chinese community is located in Sunset Park in Brooklyn, particularly along 8th Avenue from 40th to 65th Streets. New York City's newest Chinatowns have recently sprung up in Elmhurst, Queens north of Queens Blvd on Broadway and on Avenue U in the Homecrest section of Brooklyn. Outside of New York City proper, a growing suburban Chinatown is developing in Edison, New Jersey, which lies 30 miles (48 km) to the southwest. While the composition of these satellite Chinatowns is as varied as the original, the political turmoils in the Manhattan Chinatown (Tongs vs. Republic of China loyalists vs. People's Republic of China loyalists vs. Americanized) has led to some factionalization in the other satellites. The Flushing Chinatown located in Flushing, Queens was spearheaded by many Chinese fleeing the Communist retaking of Hong Kong in 1997 as well as Taiwanese who used their considerable capital to buy out land from the former residents. The Brooklyn Chinatown located in Sunset Park was originally settled by Cantonese immigrants, but today it is mostly populated by Fukienese immigrants with still some Cantonese immigrants, who are long time Chinese residents.[50] More culturally assimilated Chinese have moved outside these neighborhoods into more white or Hispanic neighborhoods in the city while others move to the suburbs outright.
[edit] See also
Shuang Wen School – a dual-language elementary school on the Lower East Side. Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance Chinatown Chinatowns in Canada and the United States Chinatown, Flushing (法拉盛華埠) Chinatown, Brooklyn (布鲁克林華埠) List of Chinatowns in the United States [edit] References
"New York's First Chinaman". Atlanta Constitution. 22 September 1896 Crouse, Russel. Murder Won't Out. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1932. Dunshee, Kenneth Holcomb. As You Pass By. New York: Hastings House, 1952. Ramati, Raquel. How to Save Your Own Street. Garden City, Doubleday and Co., 1981. ISBN 0-385-14814-3 Tsui, Bonnie. American Chinatown: A People's History of Five Neighborhoods, 2009 ISBN 978-1416557234 Official website "The Crimes of Old Chinatown Seem Trivial Compared to How the Place Looks Now, Old Chinatown, 18 Mott Street, New York, New York." Curator of Shit November 2010. [edit] External links
Chinatown New York City Blog Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association of New York Explore Chinatown-official tourism site A Photo Journey through Chinatown A short film about New York City's Chinatown, 5 lessons and 9 questions about Chinatown The Museum of Chinese in America Chinatown travel guide from Wikitravel Chinatown TripAdvisor
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